A review of sample analysis at mars-evolved gas analysis laboratory analog work supporting the presence of perchlorates and chlorates in gale crater, mars

Joanna Clark; Brad Sutter; P. Douglas Archer; Douglas Ming; Elizabeth Rampe; Amy McAdam; Rafael Navarro-González; Jennifer Eigenbrode; Daniel Glavin; Maria Paz Zorzano; Javier Martin-Torres; Richard Morris; Valerie Tu; S. J. Ralston; Paul Mahaffy

doi:10.3390/min11050475

A review of sample analysis at mars-evolved gas analysis laboratory analog work supporting the presence of perchlorates and chlorates in gale crater, mars

Joanna Clark^*, Brad Sutter, P. Douglas Archer, Douglas Ming, Elizabeth Rampe, Amy McAdam, Rafael Navarro-González, Jennifer Eigenbrode, Daniel Glavin, Maria Paz Zorzano, Javier Martin-Torres, Richard Morris, Valerie Tu, S. J. Ralston, Paul Mahaffy

^*Corresponding author for this work

Planetary Sciences, Geography

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

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Abstract

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover has detected evidence of oxychlorine compounds (i.e., perchlorates and chlorates) in Gale crater, which has implications for past habitability, diagenesis, aqueous processes, interpretation of in situ organic analyses, understanding the martian chlorine cycle, and hazards and resources for future human exploration. Pure oxychlorines and mixtures of oxychlorines with Mars-analog phases have been analyzed for their oxygen (O₂ ) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) releases on SAM laboratory analog instruments in order to constrain which phases are present in Gale crater. These studies demonstrated that oxychlorines evolve O₂ releases with peaks between ~200 and 600^◦ C, although the thermal decomposition temperatures and the amount of evolved O₂ decrease when iron phases are present in the sample. Mg and Fe oxychlorines decompose into oxides and release HCl between ~200 and 542^◦ C. Ca, Na, and K oxychlorines thermally decompose into chlorides and do not evolve HCl by themselves. However, the chlorides (original or from oxychlorine decomposition) can react with water-evolving phases (e.g., phyllosilicates) in the sample and evolve HCl within the temperature range of SAM (<~870^◦ C). These laboratory analog studies support that the SAM detection of oxychlorine phases is consistent with the presence of Mg, Ca, Na, and K perchlorate and/or chlorate along with possible contributions from adsorbed oxychlorines in Gale crater samples.

Original language	English
Article number	475
Number of pages	26
Journal	Minerals
Volume	11
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/min11050475
Publication status	Published - May 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The research reviewed in this paper was funded by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) project office. M.-P.Z. acknowledges funding from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (ref. PID2019-104205GB-C21). The authors are grateful to the engineers and scientists of the MSL Curiosity team, who have made the mission possible and the reported data available. The authors would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers who provided careful reviews that increased the quality of this manuscript. The authors would like to remember and recognize the contributions of Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, a dedicated SAM and HABIT team member who passed away on 28 January 2021. Navarro-Gonzalez, who was a distinguished researcher, conducted laboratory experiments that demonstrated that chloromethanes could form through a reaction between perchlorates and organics during sample heating, which greatly advanced our understanding of perchlorates and organic detection on Mars.

Data Availability Statement: SAM data are publicly available through the NASA Planetary Data System at: http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/msl/sam.htm, which was updated in March 2021. See references for the original research articles that contain the data reviewed in this paper.

Keywords

Chlorates
Chlorides
Curiosity Gale crater
Evolved gas analysis
MSL
Oxychlorines
Perchlorates
Sample Analysis at Mars

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Clark, J., Sutter, B., Archer, P. D., Ming, D., Rampe, E., McAdam, A., Navarro-González, R., Eigenbrode, J., Glavin, D., Zorzano, M. P., Martin-Torres, J., Morris, R., Tu, V., Ralston, S. J., & Mahaffy, P. (2021). A review of sample analysis at mars-evolved gas analysis laboratory analog work supporting the presence of perchlorates and chlorates in gale crater, mars. Minerals, 11(5), [475]. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11050475

Clark, J, Sutter, B, Archer, PD, Ming, D, Rampe, E, McAdam, A, Navarro-González, R, Eigenbrode, J, Glavin, D, Zorzano, MP, Martin-Torres, J, Morris, R, Tu, V, Ralston, SJ & Mahaffy, P 2021, 'A review of sample analysis at mars-evolved gas analysis laboratory analog work supporting the presence of perchlorates and chlorates in gale crater, mars', Minerals, vol. 11, no. 5, 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11050475

@article{bb2bf35f7eab49ec97ae9b17beb5ea16,

title = "A review of sample analysis at mars-evolved gas analysis laboratory analog work supporting the presence of perchlorates and chlorates in gale crater, mars",

abstract = "The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover has detected evidence of oxychlorine compounds (i.e., perchlorates and chlorates) in Gale crater, which has implications for past habitability, diagenesis, aqueous processes, interpretation of in situ organic analyses, understanding the martian chlorine cycle, and hazards and resources for future human exploration. Pure oxychlorines and mixtures of oxychlorines with Mars-analog phases have been analyzed for their oxygen (O2 ) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) releases on SAM laboratory analog instruments in order to constrain which phases are present in Gale crater. These studies demonstrated that oxychlorines evolve O2 releases with peaks between ~200 and 600◦ C, although the thermal decomposition temperatures and the amount of evolved O2 decrease when iron phases are present in the sample. Mg and Fe oxychlorines decompose into oxides and release HCl between ~200 and 542◦ C. Ca, Na, and K oxychlorines thermally decompose into chlorides and do not evolve HCl by themselves. However, the chlorides (original or from oxychlorine decomposition) can react with water-evolving phases (e.g., phyllosilicates) in the sample and evolve HCl within the temperature range of SAM (<~870◦ C). These laboratory analog studies support that the SAM detection of oxychlorine phases is consistent with the presence of Mg, Ca, Na, and K perchlorate and/or chlorate along with possible contributions from adsorbed oxychlorines in Gale crater samples.",

keywords = "Chlorates, Chlorides, Curiosity Gale crater, Evolved gas analysis, MSL, Oxychlorines, Perchlorates, Sample Analysis at Mars",

author = "Joanna Clark and Brad Sutter and Archer, {P. Douglas} and Douglas Ming and Elizabeth Rampe and Amy McAdam and Rafael Navarro-Gonz{\'a}lez and Jennifer Eigenbrode and Daniel Glavin and Zorzano, {Maria Paz} and Javier Martin-Torres and Richard Morris and Valerie Tu and Ralston, {S. J.} and Paul Mahaffy",

note = "Funding Information: The research reviewed in this paper was funded by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) project office. M.-P.Z. acknowledges funding from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (ref. PID2019-104205GB-C21). The authors are grateful to the engineers and scientists of the MSL Curiosity team, who have made the mission possible and the reported data available. The authors would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers who provided careful reviews that increased the quality of this manuscript. The authors would like to remember and recognize the contributions of Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, a dedicated SAM and HABIT team member who passed away on 28 January 2021. Navarro-Gonzalez, who was a distinguished researcher, conducted laboratory experiments that demonstrated that chloromethanes could form through a reaction between perchlorates and organics during sample heating, which greatly advanced our understanding of perchlorates and organic detection on Mars. Data Availability Statement: SAM data are publicly available through the NASA Planetary Data System at: http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/msl/sam.htm, which was updated in March 2021. See references for the original research articles that contain the data reviewed in this paper.",

year = "2021",

month = may,

doi = "10.3390/min11050475",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

journal = "Minerals",

issn = "2075-163X",

publisher = "MDPI",

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T1 - A review of sample analysis at mars-evolved gas analysis laboratory analog work supporting the presence of perchlorates and chlorates in gale crater, mars

AU - Clark, Joanna

AU - Sutter, Brad

AU - Archer, P. Douglas

AU - Ming, Douglas

AU - Rampe, Elizabeth

AU - McAdam, Amy

AU - Navarro-González, Rafael

AU - Eigenbrode, Jennifer

AU - Glavin, Daniel

AU - Zorzano, Maria Paz

AU - Martin-Torres, Javier

AU - Morris, Richard

AU - Tu, Valerie

AU - Ralston, S. J.

AU - Mahaffy, Paul

N1 - Funding Information: The research reviewed in this paper was funded by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) project office. M.-P.Z. acknowledges funding from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (ref. PID2019-104205GB-C21). The authors are grateful to the engineers and scientists of the MSL Curiosity team, who have made the mission possible and the reported data available. The authors would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers who provided careful reviews that increased the quality of this manuscript. The authors would like to remember and recognize the contributions of Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, a dedicated SAM and HABIT team member who passed away on 28 January 2021. Navarro-Gonzalez, who was a distinguished researcher, conducted laboratory experiments that demonstrated that chloromethanes could form through a reaction between perchlorates and organics during sample heating, which greatly advanced our understanding of perchlorates and organic detection on Mars. Data Availability Statement: SAM data are publicly available through the NASA Planetary Data System at: http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/msl/sam.htm, which was updated in March 2021. See references for the original research articles that contain the data reviewed in this paper.

PY - 2021/5

Y1 - 2021/5

N2 - The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover has detected evidence of oxychlorine compounds (i.e., perchlorates and chlorates) in Gale crater, which has implications for past habitability, diagenesis, aqueous processes, interpretation of in situ organic analyses, understanding the martian chlorine cycle, and hazards and resources for future human exploration. Pure oxychlorines and mixtures of oxychlorines with Mars-analog phases have been analyzed for their oxygen (O2 ) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) releases on SAM laboratory analog instruments in order to constrain which phases are present in Gale crater. These studies demonstrated that oxychlorines evolve O2 releases with peaks between ~200 and 600◦ C, although the thermal decomposition temperatures and the amount of evolved O2 decrease when iron phases are present in the sample. Mg and Fe oxychlorines decompose into oxides and release HCl between ~200 and 542◦ C. Ca, Na, and K oxychlorines thermally decompose into chlorides and do not evolve HCl by themselves. However, the chlorides (original or from oxychlorine decomposition) can react with water-evolving phases (e.g., phyllosilicates) in the sample and evolve HCl within the temperature range of SAM (<~870◦ C). These laboratory analog studies support that the SAM detection of oxychlorine phases is consistent with the presence of Mg, Ca, Na, and K perchlorate and/or chlorate along with possible contributions from adsorbed oxychlorines in Gale crater samples.

AB - The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover has detected evidence of oxychlorine compounds (i.e., perchlorates and chlorates) in Gale crater, which has implications for past habitability, diagenesis, aqueous processes, interpretation of in situ organic analyses, understanding the martian chlorine cycle, and hazards and resources for future human exploration. Pure oxychlorines and mixtures of oxychlorines with Mars-analog phases have been analyzed for their oxygen (O2 ) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) releases on SAM laboratory analog instruments in order to constrain which phases are present in Gale crater. These studies demonstrated that oxychlorines evolve O2 releases with peaks between ~200 and 600◦ C, although the thermal decomposition temperatures and the amount of evolved O2 decrease when iron phases are present in the sample. Mg and Fe oxychlorines decompose into oxides and release HCl between ~200 and 542◦ C. Ca, Na, and K oxychlorines thermally decompose into chlorides and do not evolve HCl by themselves. However, the chlorides (original or from oxychlorine decomposition) can react with water-evolving phases (e.g., phyllosilicates) in the sample and evolve HCl within the temperature range of SAM (<~870◦ C). These laboratory analog studies support that the SAM detection of oxychlorine phases is consistent with the presence of Mg, Ca, Na, and K perchlorate and/or chlorate along with possible contributions from adsorbed oxychlorines in Gale crater samples.

KW - Chlorates

KW - Chlorides

KW - Curiosity Gale crater

KW - Evolved gas analysis

KW - MSL

KW - Oxychlorines

KW - Perchlorates

KW - Sample Analysis at Mars

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DO - 10.3390/min11050475

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:85104980749

SN - 2075-163X

VL - 11

JO - Minerals

JF - Minerals

IS - 5

M1 - 475

ER -

A review of sample analysis at mars-evolved gas analysis laboratory analog work supporting the presence of perchlorates and chlorates in gale crater, mars

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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