Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

Klaas R. Westerterp; Yosuke Yamada; Hiroyuki Sagayama; Philip N. Ainslie; Lene F. Andersen; Liam J. Anderson; Lenore Arab; Issaad Baddou; Kweku Bedu-Addo; Ellen E. Blaak; Stephane Blanc; Alberto G. Bonomi; Carlijn V.C. Bouten; Pascal Bovet; Maciej S. Buchowski; Nancy F. Butte; Stefan G.J.A. Camps; Graeme L. Close; Jamie A. Cooper; Sai K. Das; Richard Cooper; Lara R. Dugas; Ulf Ekelund; Sonja Entringer; Terrence Forrester; Barry W. Fudge; Annelies H. Goris; Michael Gurven; Catherine Hambly; Asmaa E. El Hamdouchi; Marije B. Hoos; Sumei Hu; Noorjehan Joonas; Annemiek M. Joosen; Peter Katzmarzyk; Kitty P. Kempen; Misaka Kimura; William E. Kraus; Robert F. Kushner; Estelle V. Lambert; William R. Leonard; Nader Lessan; Corby K. Martin; Anine C. Medin; Erwin P. Meijer; James C. Morehen; James P. Morton; Marian L. Neuhouser; Xueying Zhang; John R. Speakman; International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database group

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

Klaas R. Westerterp^* (Corresponding Author)
, Yosuke Yamada
, Hiroyuki Sagayama
, Philip N. Ainslie
, Lene F. Andersen
, Liam J. Anderson
, Lenore Arab
, Issaad Baddou
, Kweku Bedu-Addo
, Ellen E. Blaak
, Stephane Blanc
, Alberto G. Bonomi
, Carlijn V.C. Bouten
, Pascal Bovet
, Maciej S. Buchowski
, Nancy F. Butte
, Stefan G.J.A. Camps
, Graeme L. Close
, Jamie A. Cooper
, Sai K. Das

Richard Cooper, Lara R. Dugas, Ulf Ekelund, Sonja Entringer, Terrence Forrester, Barry W. Fudge, Annelies H. Goris, Michael Gurven, Catherine Hambly, Asmaa E. El Hamdouchi, Marije B. Hoos, Sumei Hu, Noorjehan Joonas, Annemiek M. Joosen, Peter Katzmarzyk, Kitty P. Kempen, Misaka Kimura, William E. Kraus, Robert F. Kushner, Estelle V. Lambert, William R. Leonard, Nader Lessan, Corby K. Martin, Anine C. Medin, Erwin P. Meijer, James C. Morehen, James P. Morton, Marian L. Neuhouser, Xueying Zhang, John R. Speakman^* (Corresponding Author), International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database group

^*Corresponding author for this work

Maastricht University
National Institute of Health and Nutrition Tokyo
Kyoto University of Advanced Science
University of Tsukuba
Liverpool John Moores University
University of Oslo
Crewe Alexandra Football Club
University of California at Los Angeles
Ibn Tofail University
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien
Koninklijke Philips N.V.
Eindhoven University of Technology
University of Lausanne
Vanderbilt University
United States Department of Agriculture
Tufts University
Loyola University Chicago
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
Berlin Institute of Health
University of California at Irvine
The University of the West Indies
University of Glasgow
University of California at Santa Barbara
Ministry of Health
LSU Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Duke University
Northwestern University
University of Cape Town
Imperial College London
University of Agder
FA Group
University of Washington
Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
CAS - Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology

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Abstract

Background: Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass. Objectives: A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. Results: PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32% and 47% of the variation in FFM in females and males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg) and 3.4 kg (95% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95% CI: 2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at age 80 y 0.7 kg (95% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95% CI: -0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. Conclusions: If these associations are causal, they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against loss of FFM in aging adults.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1583-1589
Number of pages	7
Journal	American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume	114
Issue number	5
Early online date	3 Sept 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab260
Publication status	Published - 1 Nov 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Supported by US National Science Foundation grant BCS-1824466 (to HP). The funders played no role in the content of this article.

Data Availability Statement

Data availability
Data All data used in these analyses are freely available via the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database (https://www.dlwdatabase.org/).

Funding

Supported by US National Science Foundation grant BCS-1824466 (to HP). The funders played no role in the content of this article.

Keywords

age
body composition
doubly labeled water
energy expenditure
physical activity level

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Cite this

Westerterp, K. R., Yamada, Y., Sagayama, H., Ainslie, P. N., Andersen, L. F., Anderson, L. J., Arab, L., Baddou, I., Bedu-Addo, K., Blaak, E. E., Blanc, S., Bonomi, A. G., Bouten, C. V. C., Bovet, P., Buchowski, M. S., Butte, N. F., Camps, S. G. J. A., Close, G. L., Cooper, J. A., ... International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database group (2021). Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(5), 1583-1589. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

Westerterp, KR, Yamada, Y, Sagayama, H, Ainslie, PN, Andersen, LF, Anderson, LJ, Arab, L, Baddou, I, Bedu-Addo, K, Blaak, EE, Blanc, S, Bonomi, AG, Bouten, CVC, Bovet, P, Buchowski, MS, Butte, NF, Camps, SGJA, Close, GL, Cooper, JA, Das, SK, Cooper, R, Dugas, LR, Ekelund, U, Entringer, S, Forrester, T, Fudge, BW, Goris, AH, Gurven, M, Hambly, C, El Hamdouchi, AE, Hoos, MB, Hu, S, Joonas, N, Joosen, AM, Katzmarzyk, P, Kempen, KP, Kimura, M, Kraus, WE, Kushner, RF, Lambert, EV, Leonard, WR, Lessan, N, Martin, CK, Medin, AC, Meijer, EP, Morehen, JC, Morton, JP, Neuhouser, ML, Zhang, X, Speakman, JR & International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database group 2021, 'Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 114, no. 5, pp. 1583-1589. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

@article{9b3f3f371fbb41d0a5ff6061343d6381,

title = "Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life",

abstract = "Background: Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass. Objectives: A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. Results: PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76\% and 85\% of the variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32\% and 47\% of the variation in FFM in females and males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95\% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg) and 3.4 kg (95\% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95\% CI: 2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95\% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at age 80 y 0.7 kg (95\% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95\% CI: -0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. Conclusions: If these associations are causal, they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against loss of FFM in aging adults.",

keywords = "age, body composition, doubly labeled water, energy expenditure, physical activity level",

author = "Westerterp, \{Klaas R.\} and Yosuke Yamada and Hiroyuki Sagayama and Ainslie, \{Philip N.\} and Andersen, \{Lene F.\} and Anderson, \{Liam J.\} and Lenore Arab and Issaad Baddou and Kweku Bedu-Addo and Blaak, \{Ellen E.\} and Stephane Blanc and Bonomi, \{Alberto G.\} and Bouten, \{Carlijn V.C.\} and Pascal Bovet and Buchowski, \{Maciej S.\} and Butte, \{Nancy F.\} and Camps, \{Stefan G.J.A.\} and Close, \{Graeme L.\} and Cooper, \{Jamie A.\} and Das, \{Sai K.\} and Richard Cooper and Dugas, \{Lara R.\} and Ulf Ekelund and Sonja Entringer and Terrence Forrester and Fudge, \{Barry W.\} and Goris, \{Annelies H.\} and Michael Gurven and Catherine Hambly and \{El Hamdouchi\}, \{Asmaa E.\} and Hoos, \{Marije B.\} and Sumei Hu and Noorjehan Joonas and Joosen, \{Annemiek M.\} and Peter Katzmarzyk and Kempen, \{Kitty P.\} and Misaka Kimura and Kraus, \{William E.\} and Kushner, \{Robert F.\} and Lambert, \{Estelle V.\} and Leonard, \{William R.\} and Nader Lessan and Martin, \{Corby K.\} and Medin, \{Anine C.\} and Meijer, \{Erwin P.\} and Morehen, \{James C.\} and Morton, \{James P.\} and Neuhouser, \{Marian L.\} and Xueying Zhang and Speakman, \{John R.\} and \{International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database group\}",

note = "Funding Information: Supported by US National Science Foundation grant BCS-1824466 (to HP). The funders played no role in the content of this article. ",

year = "2021",

month = nov,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1093/ajcn/nqab260",

language = "English",

volume = "114",

pages = "1583--1589",

journal = "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition",

issn = "0002-9165",

publisher = "Elsevier BV",

number = "5",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

AU - Westerterp, Klaas R.

AU - Yamada, Yosuke

AU - Sagayama, Hiroyuki

AU - Ainslie, Philip N.

AU - Andersen, Lene F.

AU - Anderson, Liam J.

AU - Arab, Lenore

AU - Baddou, Issaad

AU - Bedu-Addo, Kweku

AU - Blaak, Ellen E.

AU - Blanc, Stephane

AU - Bonomi, Alberto G.

AU - Bouten, Carlijn V.C.

AU - Bovet, Pascal

AU - Buchowski, Maciej S.

AU - Butte, Nancy F.

AU - Camps, Stefan G.J.A.

AU - Close, Graeme L.

AU - Cooper, Jamie A.

AU - Das, Sai K.

AU - Cooper, Richard

AU - Dugas, Lara R.

AU - Ekelund, Ulf

AU - Entringer, Sonja

AU - Forrester, Terrence

AU - Fudge, Barry W.

AU - Goris, Annelies H.

AU - Gurven, Michael

AU - Hambly, Catherine

AU - El Hamdouchi, Asmaa E.

AU - Hoos, Marije B.

AU - Hu, Sumei

AU - Joonas, Noorjehan

AU - Joosen, Annemiek M.

AU - Katzmarzyk, Peter

AU - Kempen, Kitty P.

AU - Kimura, Misaka

AU - Kraus, William E.

AU - Kushner, Robert F.

AU - Lambert, Estelle V.

AU - Leonard, William R.

AU - Lessan, Nader

AU - Martin, Corby K.

AU - Medin, Anine C.

AU - Meijer, Erwin P.

AU - Morehen, James C.

AU - Morton, James P.

AU - Neuhouser, Marian L.

AU - Zhang, Xueying

AU - Speakman, John R.

AU - International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database group

N1 - Funding Information: Supported by US National Science Foundation grant BCS-1824466 (to HP). The funders played no role in the content of this article.

PY - 2021/11/1

Y1 - 2021/11/1

N2 - Background: Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass. Objectives: A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. Results: PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32% and 47% of the variation in FFM in females and males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg) and 3.4 kg (95% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95% CI: 2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at age 80 y 0.7 kg (95% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95% CI: -0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. Conclusions: If these associations are causal, they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against loss of FFM in aging adults.

AB - Background: Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass. Objectives: A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. Results: PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32% and 47% of the variation in FFM in females and males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg) and 3.4 kg (95% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95% CI: 2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at age 80 y 0.7 kg (95% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95% CI: -0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. Conclusions: If these associations are causal, they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against loss of FFM in aging adults.

KW - age

KW - body composition

KW - doubly labeled water

KW - energy expenditure

KW - physical activity level

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85118441591

U2 - 10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

DO - 10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

M3 - Article

C2 - 34477824

AN - SCOPUS:85118441591

SN - 0002-9165

VL - 114

SP - 1583

EP - 1589

JO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

JF - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

IS - 5

ER -

Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Data Availability Statement

Funding

Keywords

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