An audit of clinical training exposure amongst junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery in 101 hospitals in the United Kingdom

BOTA Collaborators; Mustafa S Rashid

doi:10.1186/s12909-017-1038-5

An audit of clinical training exposure amongst junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery in 101 hospitals in the United Kingdom

BOTA Collaborators, Mustafa S Rashid^* (Corresponding Author)

^*Corresponding author for this work

Applied Health Sciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

BACKGROUND: There are concerns regarding early years' training for junior doctors in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery (T&O) in the United Kingdom. Our primary objective was to audit the clinical activities undertaken by junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic (T&O) surgery in the National Health Service (NHS) in a typical workweek. A secondary objective was to audit the clinical exposure of junior surgeons in training to the Joint Committee on Surgical Training (JCST) standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure in T&O surgery.

METHODS: We recruited collaborators in 101 T&O surgery departments in NHS hospitals to participate in this study. Clinical activity diaries from 935 doctors working in T&O surgery in the 101 participating NHS hospitals were involved. All junior doctors covering the junior on call tier were included. Collaborators collected clinical activity data from 08:00 18/01/2015 to 20:00 22/01/2015. Clinical activities recorded in sessions (morning, afternoon, evening) depending on what activity that doctor undertook for the majority of that session. Clinical activities were grouped into operating theatre/room, outpatient clinic, on call, "not in work" (i.e. leave, sickness), teaching, and ward cover sessions. The weekly clinical activity of Core Surgical Trainees (CSTs) were analyzed in accordance to two JCST standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure.

RESULTS: Overall, junior doctors working in T&O surgery attended a theatre list session 8.5% of the time, an outpatient clinic 3.2%, were on call 14.8%, a teaching session 1.7%, providing ward cover 34.6%, and on a zero session 20.7% of the time. Only 5% of core surgical trainees (n = 200) met both the JCST standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure in the specialty.

CONCLUSIONS: Junior surgeons in training, working in Trauma & Orthopaedic surgery in the United Kingdom are not meeting the minimum weekly clinical sessions laid out by the JCST. Further work to develop models allowing for enhanced training experiences and improved clinical exposure to operating lists and outpatient clinics would be beneficial.

Original language	English
Article number	1
Number of pages	11
Journal	BMC Medical Education
Volume	18
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-1038-5
Publication status	Published - 2 Jan 2018

Bibliographical note

Mustafa Rashid, Simon Fleming, Sara Dorman, Steve Kahane, Danny Ryan, Marshall Sangster, Rupert Wharton, Paul Hegarty, Payam Tarrossoli, James Shelton, Vittoria Bucknall, John Davies, Oli Shastri, Peter Smitham, Helen Vint, Michael Grant, Manish Kiran, Tarek Boutefnouchet, Guy Morris, Jagwant Singh, Simond Jagernauth, Sunny Parikh, Liam Yapp, Ashwanth Ramesh, Adedeji Akinyooye, Shahrier Sarker, Manav Raghuvanshi, Ravi Popat, Rafik Fanous, Annie McKirdy, Ed Loeng, Malek Racy, Charlotte Cross, Christopher Crome, Will Keiffer, Paul Cameron, Jonathan Kent, Timothy Batten, Kathryn Kneale, Charlotte Richardson, Jay Watson, Grahame Shaw, Tricia Walker, Andrea Pujol Nicolas, William Chaundy, Donald Hansom, James Berwin, Onur Berber, Pranai Buddhev, Joseph Turner, Dinnish Baskaran, Dev Thakker, Lilanthi Wickramarachchi, Ian Cunningham, Daniel Shaerf, Ali Abdelwahab, Vinesh Godhania, Numan Shah, Syed Bokhari, Laura Clifton, Nagriz Seyidova, Edward Karam, John Vernon, Prithviraj Hallikeri, Richard Limb, George Matheron, Mark Higgins, Ray Chari, Michalis Panteli, Sheweidin Aziz, Ganapathy Raman Perianayagam, Pamela Garcia Pulido, Bhavin Garara, Sabri Bleibleh, Joshua Balogun-Lynch, Andrew Hacker, Aman Sharma, Simon Humphry, Rakan Kabariti, Alexander James, Ramsey Chammaa, Anoop Prasad, Mike Hogan, Alistair Mayne, Alex Goubran, Antonia Hoyle, Scott Wilson, Nomaan Sheikh, Michael Petrie, Roxanne Kulec, Tim Brock, Nick Kalson, Richard Holleyman, Scott Muller, Ravi Popat, Jimmy Ng, James Pegrum, Naomi Gibbs, Aaron Rooney, James Corbett, James Cruickshank, Elmunzar Bagouri, Zacharia Silk, Cameron Dott, George Mamarelis, Zain Sohail, Joanna Higgins, Christopher Jordan, Togay Koc, Christopher Ghazala, Colin Shaw, Anatole Wiik, Tony Antonios, John White, Amanjeet Dahaley, Nathan Moore, Sheraz Malik, David Neilly, David MacDonald, Joseph Littlechild, Luke Farrow, Peter Davies, Ahmed Fadulemola, Akmal Turaev, Paul Robinson, Nathan Campbell, Somashree Chatterji, Moez Zeiton, Ashley Scrimshire, Zain Sadozai, Aurelie Hay-David, Kim Shuttlewood, Huw Williams, Lucy Maling, Liam Murphy, Manish Divekar, Laura Bolton, Conal Quah, John Machin, Abdul Nazeer Moideen, Alexandra Aframian, Toni Ardolino, Sally-Anne Phillips, Matilda Powell-Bowns, James Geddes, Oli Shastri, Jonathan Quayle, Thomas Murphy, Greg Pickering, David Milligan, Hean Wu Kang, Jermaine Thompson, Ramsay Refaie, Nickil Agni, Mahdi Yacine Khalfaoui, Muhammad Ahsan, Hammaad Khalil, Basil Budair, Damian Bull, Thomas Knapper, John Jackson, Marcus Cope, Pinelopi Linardatou Novak, Lily Li, Daniel Burchette, Alisdair Felstead, Daniel Wilson, Blair Tweedie, Ali Abdulkarim, Muhammad Adeel Akhtar, Joseph Alsousou, Alexander Martin, Dan Williams, Anna Bridgens, Natasha Picardo, Sheraz Malik, Alex Mulligan, Gavin Schaller, Stefanie Andrew, Christopher Buckle, Barry Rose, David Butt, Nicola Blucher, Parag Raval, Jagmeet Bhamra, Amit Patel, Prashant Singh, Saroosh Madanipour, Patrick Williams, Mark McMullen, Mark Webb, Maire-Clare Killen, Sushmith Ramakrishna, Lucia Grossodi Palma, Traian Vaidean, Rajpal Nandra, Edward Jenner, Ravi Gogna, Mohsen Raza, Piyush Mahaptra, Alexander Durst, Alan Campbell, James Gill, Peter Cay, Paul Haggis, Islam Abdelrahman, Khabab Osman, Dan Howgate, Luckshman Bevan, Shirley Lyle, Natalia Kurek, Surjit Lidder, Amit Thakrar, John Holgate, Kamalpreet Cheema, Nancy Hadjievangelou, Sinziana Contanstin Marino, Edward Lindisfarne, Thomas Voller, Claire Coles.

British Orthopaedic Trainees Association Collaborators (Please see Additional file 1 for a full list of co-authors and institutions).

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Keywords

Accreditation
Clinical Audit
Education, Medical, Graduate/standards
Medical Staff, Hospital/education
Orthopedics/education
State Medicine/standards
Traumatology/education
United Kingdom

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Cite this

@article{522d771f80424d29a9d0fb922a3d781b,

title = "An audit of clinical training exposure amongst junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery in 101 hospitals in the United Kingdom",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: There are concerns regarding early years' training for junior doctors in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery (T&O) in the United Kingdom. Our primary objective was to audit the clinical activities undertaken by junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic (T&O) surgery in the National Health Service (NHS) in a typical workweek. A secondary objective was to audit the clinical exposure of junior surgeons in training to the Joint Committee on Surgical Training (JCST) standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure in T&O surgery.METHODS: We recruited collaborators in 101 T&O surgery departments in NHS hospitals to participate in this study. Clinical activity diaries from 935 doctors working in T&O surgery in the 101 participating NHS hospitals were involved. All junior doctors covering the junior on call tier were included. Collaborators collected clinical activity data from 08:00 18/01/2015 to 20:00 22/01/2015. Clinical activities recorded in sessions (morning, afternoon, evening) depending on what activity that doctor undertook for the majority of that session. Clinical activities were grouped into operating theatre/room, outpatient clinic, on call, {"}not in work{"} (i.e. leave, sickness), teaching, and ward cover sessions. The weekly clinical activity of Core Surgical Trainees (CSTs) were analyzed in accordance to two JCST standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure.RESULTS: Overall, junior doctors working in T&O surgery attended a theatre list session 8.5% of the time, an outpatient clinic 3.2%, were on call 14.8%, a teaching session 1.7%, providing ward cover 34.6%, and on a zero session 20.7% of the time. Only 5% of core surgical trainees (n = 200) met both the JCST standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure in the specialty.CONCLUSIONS: Junior surgeons in training, working in Trauma & Orthopaedic surgery in the United Kingdom are not meeting the minimum weekly clinical sessions laid out by the JCST. Further work to develop models allowing for enhanced training experiences and improved clinical exposure to operating lists and outpatient clinics would be beneficial.",

keywords = "Accreditation, Clinical Audit, Education, Medical, Graduate/standards, Medical Staff, Hospital/education, Orthopedics/education, State Medicine/standards, Traumatology/education, United Kingdom",

author = "{BOTA Collaborators} and Rashid, {Mustafa S} and Luke Farrow",

note = "Mustafa Rashid, Simon Fleming, Sara Dorman, Steve Kahane, Danny Ryan, Marshall Sangster, Rupert Wharton, Paul Hegarty, Payam Tarrossoli, James Shelton, Vittoria Bucknall, John Davies, Oli Shastri, Peter Smitham, Helen Vint, Michael Grant, Manish Kiran, Tarek Boutefnouchet, Guy Morris, Jagwant Singh, Simond Jagernauth, Sunny Parikh, Liam Yapp, Ashwanth Ramesh, Adedeji Akinyooye, Shahrier Sarker, Manav Raghuvanshi, Ravi Popat, Rafik Fanous, Annie McKirdy, Ed Loeng, Malek Racy, Charlotte Cross, Christopher Crome, Will Keiffer, Paul Cameron, Jonathan Kent, Timothy Batten, Kathryn Kneale, Charlotte Richardson, Jay Watson, Grahame Shaw, Tricia Walker, Andrea Pujol Nicolas, William Chaundy, Donald Hansom, James Berwin, Onur Berber, Pranai Buddhev, Joseph Turner, Dinnish Baskaran, Dev Thakker, Lilanthi Wickramarachchi, Ian Cunningham, Daniel Shaerf, Ali Abdelwahab, Vinesh Godhania, Numan Shah, Syed Bokhari, Laura Clifton, Nagriz Seyidova, Edward Karam, John Vernon, Prithviraj Hallikeri, Richard Limb, George Matheron, Mark Higgins, Ray Chari, Michalis Panteli, Sheweidin Aziz, Ganapathy Raman Perianayagam, Pamela Garcia Pulido, Bhavin Garara, Sabri Bleibleh, Joshua Balogun-Lynch, Andrew Hacker, Aman Sharma, Simon Humphry, Rakan Kabariti, Alexander James, Ramsey Chammaa, Anoop Prasad, Mike Hogan, Alistair Mayne, Alex Goubran, Antonia Hoyle, Scott Wilson, Nomaan Sheikh, Michael Petrie, Roxanne Kulec, Tim Brock, Nick Kalson, Richard Holleyman, Scott Muller, Ravi Popat, Jimmy Ng, James Pegrum, Naomi Gibbs, Aaron Rooney, James Corbett, James Cruickshank, Elmunzar Bagouri, Zacharia Silk, Cameron Dott, George Mamarelis, Zain Sohail, Joanna Higgins, Christopher Jordan, Togay Koc, Christopher Ghazala, Colin Shaw, Anatole Wiik, Tony Antonios, John White, Amanjeet Dahaley, Nathan Moore, Sheraz Malik, David Neilly, David MacDonald, Joseph Littlechild, Luke Farrow, Peter Davies, Ahmed Fadulemola, Akmal Turaev, Paul Robinson, Nathan Campbell, Somashree Chatterji, Moez Zeiton, Ashley Scrimshire, Zain Sadozai, Aurelie Hay-David, Kim Shuttlewood, Huw Williams, Lucy Maling, Liam Murphy, Manish Divekar, Laura Bolton, Conal Quah, John Machin, Abdul Nazeer Moideen, Alexandra Aframian, Toni Ardolino, Sally-Anne Phillips, Matilda Powell-Bowns, James Geddes, Oli Shastri, Jonathan Quayle, Thomas Murphy, Greg Pickering, David Milligan, Hean Wu Kang, Jermaine Thompson, Ramsay Refaie, Nickil Agni, Mahdi Yacine Khalfaoui, Muhammad Ahsan, Hammaad Khalil, Basil Budair, Damian Bull, Thomas Knapper, John Jackson, Marcus Cope, Pinelopi Linardatou Novak, Lily Li, Daniel Burchette, Alisdair Felstead, Daniel Wilson, Blair Tweedie, Ali Abdulkarim, Muhammad Adeel Akhtar, Joseph Alsousou, Alexander Martin, Dan Williams, Anna Bridgens, Natasha Picardo, Sheraz Malik, Alex Mulligan, Gavin Schaller, Stefanie Andrew, Christopher Buckle, Barry Rose, David Butt, Nicola Blucher, Parag Raval, Jagmeet Bhamra, Amit Patel, Prashant Singh, Saroosh Madanipour, Patrick Williams, Mark McMullen, Mark Webb, Maire-Clare Killen, Sushmith Ramakrishna, Lucia Grossodi Palma, Traian Vaidean, Rajpal Nandra, Edward Jenner, Ravi Gogna, Mohsen Raza, Piyush Mahaptra, Alexander Durst, Alan Campbell, James Gill, Peter Cay, Paul Haggis, Islam Abdelrahman, Khabab Osman, Dan Howgate, Luckshman Bevan, Shirley Lyle, Natalia Kurek, Surjit Lidder, Amit Thakrar, John Holgate, Kamalpreet Cheema, Nancy Hadjievangelou, Sinziana Contanstin Marino, Edward Lindisfarne, Thomas Voller, Claire Coles. British Orthopaedic Trainees Association Collaborators (Please see Additional file 1 for a full list of co-authors and institutions).",

year = "2018",

month = jan,

day = "2",

doi = "10.1186/s12909-017-1038-5",

language = "English",

volume = "18",

journal = "BMC Medical Education",

issn = "1472-6920",

publisher = "BioMed Central",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - An audit of clinical training exposure amongst junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery in 101 hospitals in the United Kingdom

AU - BOTA Collaborators

AU - Rashid, Mustafa S

AU - Farrow, Luke

N1 - Mustafa Rashid, Simon Fleming, Sara Dorman, Steve Kahane, Danny Ryan, Marshall Sangster, Rupert Wharton, Paul Hegarty, Payam Tarrossoli, James Shelton, Vittoria Bucknall, John Davies, Oli Shastri, Peter Smitham, Helen Vint, Michael Grant, Manish Kiran, Tarek Boutefnouchet, Guy Morris, Jagwant Singh, Simond Jagernauth, Sunny Parikh, Liam Yapp, Ashwanth Ramesh, Adedeji Akinyooye, Shahrier Sarker, Manav Raghuvanshi, Ravi Popat, Rafik Fanous, Annie McKirdy, Ed Loeng, Malek Racy, Charlotte Cross, Christopher Crome, Will Keiffer, Paul Cameron, Jonathan Kent, Timothy Batten, Kathryn Kneale, Charlotte Richardson, Jay Watson, Grahame Shaw, Tricia Walker, Andrea Pujol Nicolas, William Chaundy, Donald Hansom, James Berwin, Onur Berber, Pranai Buddhev, Joseph Turner, Dinnish Baskaran, Dev Thakker, Lilanthi Wickramarachchi, Ian Cunningham, Daniel Shaerf, Ali Abdelwahab, Vinesh Godhania, Numan Shah, Syed Bokhari, Laura Clifton, Nagriz Seyidova, Edward Karam, John Vernon, Prithviraj Hallikeri, Richard Limb, George Matheron, Mark Higgins, Ray Chari, Michalis Panteli, Sheweidin Aziz, Ganapathy Raman Perianayagam, Pamela Garcia Pulido, Bhavin Garara, Sabri Bleibleh, Joshua Balogun-Lynch, Andrew Hacker, Aman Sharma, Simon Humphry, Rakan Kabariti, Alexander James, Ramsey Chammaa, Anoop Prasad, Mike Hogan, Alistair Mayne, Alex Goubran, Antonia Hoyle, Scott Wilson, Nomaan Sheikh, Michael Petrie, Roxanne Kulec, Tim Brock, Nick Kalson, Richard Holleyman, Scott Muller, Ravi Popat, Jimmy Ng, James Pegrum, Naomi Gibbs, Aaron Rooney, James Corbett, James Cruickshank, Elmunzar Bagouri, Zacharia Silk, Cameron Dott, George Mamarelis, Zain Sohail, Joanna Higgins, Christopher Jordan, Togay Koc, Christopher Ghazala, Colin Shaw, Anatole Wiik, Tony Antonios, John White, Amanjeet Dahaley, Nathan Moore, Sheraz Malik, David Neilly, David MacDonald, Joseph Littlechild, Luke Farrow, Peter Davies, Ahmed Fadulemola, Akmal Turaev, Paul Robinson, Nathan Campbell, Somashree Chatterji, Moez Zeiton, Ashley Scrimshire, Zain Sadozai, Aurelie Hay-David, Kim Shuttlewood, Huw Williams, Lucy Maling, Liam Murphy, Manish Divekar, Laura Bolton, Conal Quah, John Machin, Abdul Nazeer Moideen, Alexandra Aframian, Toni Ardolino, Sally-Anne Phillips, Matilda Powell-Bowns, James Geddes, Oli Shastri, Jonathan Quayle, Thomas Murphy, Greg Pickering, David Milligan, Hean Wu Kang, Jermaine Thompson, Ramsay Refaie, Nickil Agni, Mahdi Yacine Khalfaoui, Muhammad Ahsan, Hammaad Khalil, Basil Budair, Damian Bull, Thomas Knapper, John Jackson, Marcus Cope, Pinelopi Linardatou Novak, Lily Li, Daniel Burchette, Alisdair Felstead, Daniel Wilson, Blair Tweedie, Ali Abdulkarim, Muhammad Adeel Akhtar, Joseph Alsousou, Alexander Martin, Dan Williams, Anna Bridgens, Natasha Picardo, Sheraz Malik, Alex Mulligan, Gavin Schaller, Stefanie Andrew, Christopher Buckle, Barry Rose, David Butt, Nicola Blucher, Parag Raval, Jagmeet Bhamra, Amit Patel, Prashant Singh, Saroosh Madanipour, Patrick Williams, Mark McMullen, Mark Webb, Maire-Clare Killen, Sushmith Ramakrishna, Lucia Grossodi Palma, Traian Vaidean, Rajpal Nandra, Edward Jenner, Ravi Gogna, Mohsen Raza, Piyush Mahaptra, Alexander Durst, Alan Campbell, James Gill, Peter Cay, Paul Haggis, Islam Abdelrahman, Khabab Osman, Dan Howgate, Luckshman Bevan, Shirley Lyle, Natalia Kurek, Surjit Lidder, Amit Thakrar, John Holgate, Kamalpreet Cheema, Nancy Hadjievangelou, Sinziana Contanstin Marino, Edward Lindisfarne, Thomas Voller, Claire Coles. British Orthopaedic Trainees Association Collaborators (Please see Additional file 1 for a full list of co-authors and institutions).

PY - 2018/1/2

Y1 - 2018/1/2

N2 - BACKGROUND: There are concerns regarding early years' training for junior doctors in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery (T&O) in the United Kingdom. Our primary objective was to audit the clinical activities undertaken by junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic (T&O) surgery in the National Health Service (NHS) in a typical workweek. A secondary objective was to audit the clinical exposure of junior surgeons in training to the Joint Committee on Surgical Training (JCST) standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure in T&O surgery.METHODS: We recruited collaborators in 101 T&O surgery departments in NHS hospitals to participate in this study. Clinical activity diaries from 935 doctors working in T&O surgery in the 101 participating NHS hospitals were involved. All junior doctors covering the junior on call tier were included. Collaborators collected clinical activity data from 08:00 18/01/2015 to 20:00 22/01/2015. Clinical activities recorded in sessions (morning, afternoon, evening) depending on what activity that doctor undertook for the majority of that session. Clinical activities were grouped into operating theatre/room, outpatient clinic, on call, "not in work" (i.e. leave, sickness), teaching, and ward cover sessions. The weekly clinical activity of Core Surgical Trainees (CSTs) were analyzed in accordance to two JCST standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure.RESULTS: Overall, junior doctors working in T&O surgery attended a theatre list session 8.5% of the time, an outpatient clinic 3.2%, were on call 14.8%, a teaching session 1.7%, providing ward cover 34.6%, and on a zero session 20.7% of the time. Only 5% of core surgical trainees (n = 200) met both the JCST standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure in the specialty.CONCLUSIONS: Junior surgeons in training, working in Trauma & Orthopaedic surgery in the United Kingdom are not meeting the minimum weekly clinical sessions laid out by the JCST. Further work to develop models allowing for enhanced training experiences and improved clinical exposure to operating lists and outpatient clinics would be beneficial.

AB - BACKGROUND: There are concerns regarding early years' training for junior doctors in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery (T&O) in the United Kingdom. Our primary objective was to audit the clinical activities undertaken by junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic (T&O) surgery in the National Health Service (NHS) in a typical workweek. A secondary objective was to audit the clinical exposure of junior surgeons in training to the Joint Committee on Surgical Training (JCST) standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure in T&O surgery.METHODS: We recruited collaborators in 101 T&O surgery departments in NHS hospitals to participate in this study. Clinical activity diaries from 935 doctors working in T&O surgery in the 101 participating NHS hospitals were involved. All junior doctors covering the junior on call tier were included. Collaborators collected clinical activity data from 08:00 18/01/2015 to 20:00 22/01/2015. Clinical activities recorded in sessions (morning, afternoon, evening) depending on what activity that doctor undertook for the majority of that session. Clinical activities were grouped into operating theatre/room, outpatient clinic, on call, "not in work" (i.e. leave, sickness), teaching, and ward cover sessions. The weekly clinical activity of Core Surgical Trainees (CSTs) were analyzed in accordance to two JCST standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure.RESULTS: Overall, junior doctors working in T&O surgery attended a theatre list session 8.5% of the time, an outpatient clinic 3.2%, were on call 14.8%, a teaching session 1.7%, providing ward cover 34.6%, and on a zero session 20.7% of the time. Only 5% of core surgical trainees (n = 200) met both the JCST standards for minimum weekly clinical exposure in the specialty.CONCLUSIONS: Junior surgeons in training, working in Trauma & Orthopaedic surgery in the United Kingdom are not meeting the minimum weekly clinical sessions laid out by the JCST. Further work to develop models allowing for enhanced training experiences and improved clinical exposure to operating lists and outpatient clinics would be beneficial.

KW - Accreditation

KW - Clinical Audit

KW - Education, Medical, Graduate/standards

KW - Medical Staff, Hospital/education

KW - Orthopedics/education

KW - State Medicine/standards

KW - Traumatology/education

KW - United Kingdom

U2 - 10.1186/s12909-017-1038-5

DO - 10.1186/s12909-017-1038-5

M3 - Article

C2 - 29291730

SN - 1472-6920

VL - 18

JO - BMC Medical Education

JF - BMC Medical Education

M1 - 1

ER -

An audit of clinical training exposure amongst junior doctors working in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery in 101 hospitals in the United Kingdom

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Data Availability Statement

Keywords

Access to Document

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