Abstract
Applying wastewater in subsurface drip irrigation helps address water shortage in arid and semi-arid environments. Microbial contamination may result, but soil amendments such as biochar could help protect soil and water resources. To improve understanding, this study investigated spatio-temporal dynamics of fecal coliform retention in a biochar-treated soil under subsurface drip irrigation. Two dripper discharges rates of 2 and 4 l hr−1 containing fecal coliforms (3.99 ± 1.4 × 105 CFU ml−1), three maximum allowable depletion levels (MAD; 30, 50, and 70%), and three biochar levels (0, 0.5 and 1%, w/w) were used. The lysimeters were filled with biochar-treated soil and had drippers located at 20 cm depth. Three irrigations were performed for either Q, and soil samples were taken after each irrigation at different times at the lysimeter centre at 5, 15, 25, and 50 cm depths and at the edge at 20 cm depth (labeled 20 L). Soils containing biochar had much greater recovered coliforms from soil than the unamended controls. The greatest retention was at 15 and 25 cm depth (within 5 cm of the dripper) for 1% biochar, with the recovered cells about 70% for 2 l hr−1 discharge and 60% for 4 l hr−1 discharge. The greatest concentration occurred immediately after irrigation, but over 10 days the number of coliforms gradually decreased and inactivated. Therefore, the coliform residence time, soil depth, and biochar rate all influenced coliform retention if the discharge rates and MADs were considered. We recommend slower subsurface dripper rates with high MAD and biochar amendment to minimize fecal coliform contamination from subsurface field wastewater irrigation.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 104128 |
Number of pages | 13 |
Journal | Journal of Contaminant Hydrology |
Volume | 253 |
Early online date | 3 Jan 2023 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Feb 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This work was supported by Shahrekord University, Iran . The authors greatly appreciate the constructive comments and discussion provided by Prof. Mark Coyne, University of Kentucky, USA.
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.Keywords
- Coliform transport
- Drip irrigation
- Maximum allowable depletion
- Soil amendment
- Time residence
- Water pollution