Abstract
Loss, fragmentation and decreasing quality of habitats have been proposed as major threats to biodiversity world-wide, but relatively little is known about biodiversity responses to multiple pressures, particularly at very large spatial scales. We evaluated the relative contributions of four landscape variables (habitat cover, diversity, fragmentation and productivity) in determining different components of avian diversity across Europe. We sampled breeding birds in multiple 1-km2 landscapes, from high forest cover to intensive agricultural land, in eight countries during 2001-2002. We predicted that the total diversity would peak at intermediate levels of forest cover and fragmentation, and respond positively to increasing habitat diversity and productivity; forest and open-habitat specialists would show threshold conditions along gradients of forest cover and fragmentation, and respond positively to increasing habitat diversity and productivity; resident species would be more strongly impacted by forest cover and fragmentation than migratory species; and generalists and urban species would show weak responses. Measures of total diversity did not peak at intermediate levels of forest cover or fragmentation. Rarefaction-standardized species richness decreased marginally and linearly with increasing forest cover and increased non-linearly with productivity, whereas all measures increased linearly with increasing fragmentation and landscape diversity. Forest and open-habitat specialists responded approximately linearly to forest cover and also weakly to habitat diversity, fragmentation and productivity. Generalists and urban species responded weakly to the landscape variables, but some groups responded non-linearly to productivity and marginally to habitat diversity. Resident species were not consistently more sensitive than migratory species to any of the landscape variables. These findings are relevant to landscapes with relatively long histories of human land-use, and they highlight that habitat loss, fragmentation and habitat-type diversity must all be considered in land-use planning and landscape modeling of avian communities.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 1331-1344 |
Number of pages | 13 |
Journal | Ecography |
Volume | 41 |
Issue number | 8 |
Early online date | 26 Dec 2017 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 31 Aug 2018 |
Bibliographical note
Acknowledgements – Many people have participated in this work in different capacities. Important contributions have been made by Nick Carter, Florence Dubs, Federico Fernández González, Su Gough, Pilar Gurrea, Ville Hallikainen, Chris Hewson, Eva Ivits, Gus Jones, Zoltan Korsos, Barbara Koch, Patrick Lavelle, Jari Niemelä, Benoit Paepegaey, Christoph Scheidegger, Hans Schmid, Paulo Sousa, Silvia Stofer, Tibor Szep, Adam Vanbergen, Chris van Swaay and Bernard Volet. We would also like to thank anonymous reviewers for constructive criticisms on an earlier version of this paper.Funding – This research was funded by the EU Framework 5 Environment Programme as part of the BioAssess Project.
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Data from: Breeding bird species diversity across gradients of land use from forest to agriculture in Europe
Koivula, M. J. (Creator), Chamberlain, D. E. (Creator), Fuller, R. J. (Creator), Palmer, S. (Creator), Bankovics, A. (Creator), Bracken, F. (Creator), Bolger, T. (Creator), de Juana, E. (Creator), Montadert, M. (Creator), Neves, R. (Creator), Rufino, R. (Creator), Sallent, A. (Creator), da Silva, L. L. (Creator), Leitão, P. J. (Creator), Steffen, M. (Creator), Watt, A. D. (Creator) & Paton, G. (Data Manager), Dryad Digital Repository, 7 Nov 2017
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ts57v
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