Characterization of surface water isotope spatial patterns of Scotland

Christian Birkel; Rachel Helliwell; Barry Thornton; Sheila Gibbs; Pat Cooper; Chris Soulsby; Doerthe Tetzlaff; Luigi Spezia; Germain Esquivel-Hernández; Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo; Andrew J. Midwood

doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.07.011

Characterization of surface water isotope spatial patterns of Scotland

Christian Birkel^*, Rachel Helliwell, Barry Thornton, Sheila Gibbs, Pat Cooper, Chris Soulsby, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Luigi Spezia, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Andrew J. Midwood

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

17 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The extended National Waters Inventory of Scotland (NWIS) monitoring network in combination with an extensive, supplementary low flow sampling campaign was used to create isoscapes of surface water for management purposes at high spatial resolution (100 m grid) across Scotland. The δ²H isoscape shows a strong isotopic separation along a north-south and east-west topographic (mountainous to the north and west and lowlands to the east) and climatic (wetter west, drier east) gradients. Isotopes were enriched in the western domain and depleted in the east and central Highland domains. The surface water d-excess isoscape show more complex spatial variability mainly related to contrasting moisture sources (sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, Polar Continental, and the Arctic) as well as secondary evaporation processes. The two-year NWIS isotope record exhibited a significant seasonal evaporative effect on surface water isotopes that progresses from winter through to a maximum in autumn as indicated by Local Evaporation Lines (LELs). The surface water isoscapes can be efficiently reproduced with geographically weighted regression (GWR) models using gridded annual precipitation, remotely sensed actual evapotranspiration, land cover, soil wetness, catchment area, and mean elevation. The GWR models showed potential to assess isotopic changes under future climate and land use change.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	71-80
Number of pages	10
Journal	Journal of Geochemical Exploration
Volume	194
Early online date	24 Jul 2018
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.07.011
Publication status	Published - 30 Nov 2018

Bibliographical note

This paper was partly funded by the Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services Division of the Scottish Government. CB acknowledges support from the University of Costa Rica Research Council (project 217-B4-239). CS, DT, RSM, GEH and CB participated under the University of Costa Rica Research Council funded Isotope Network for Tropical Ecosystem Studies (ISONet). RSM acknowledges the support from the International Atomic Energy Agency (grant CRP-19747). DT and CS acknowledge funding from the European Research Council ERC (project GA 335910 VEWA) and the Natural Environment Research Council NERC (project NE/K000268/1). We thank Dr. Sarah Dunn and the late Dr. Julian Dawson for their help and encouragement in the initiation of this project. We thank all who provided samples for the low flow spot sampling scheme. Comments from Mark Brewer and two anonymous Reviewers improved the quality of the final paper. All 100 m isoscape raster maps and isotope data are available for download.

Keywords

d-Excess
Geographically weighted regression models
Isoscapes
Scotland
Stable isotopes

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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title = "Characterization of surface water isotope spatial patterns of Scotland",

abstract = "The extended National Waters Inventory of Scotland (NWIS) monitoring network in combination with an extensive, supplementary low flow sampling campaign was used to create isoscapes of surface water for management purposes at high spatial resolution (100 m grid) across Scotland. The δ2H isoscape shows a strong isotopic separation along a north-south and east-west topographic (mountainous to the north and west and lowlands to the east) and climatic (wetter west, drier east) gradients. Isotopes were enriched in the western domain and depleted in the east and central Highland domains. The surface water d-excess isoscape show more complex spatial variability mainly related to contrasting moisture sources (sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, Polar Continental, and the Arctic) as well as secondary evaporation processes. The two-year NWIS isotope record exhibited a significant seasonal evaporative effect on surface water isotopes that progresses from winter through to a maximum in autumn as indicated by Local Evaporation Lines (LELs). The surface water isoscapes can be efficiently reproduced with geographically weighted regression (GWR) models using gridded annual precipitation, remotely sensed actual evapotranspiration, land cover, soil wetness, catchment area, and mean elevation. The GWR models showed potential to assess isotopic changes under future climate and land use change.",

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note = "This paper was partly funded by the Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services Division of the Scottish Government. CB acknowledges support from the University of Costa Rica Research Council (project 217-B4-239). CS, DT, RSM, GEH and CB participated under the University of Costa Rica Research Council funded Isotope Network for Tropical Ecosystem Studies (ISONet). RSM acknowledges the support from the International Atomic Energy Agency (grant CRP-19747). DT and CS acknowledge funding from the European Research Council ERC (project GA 335910 VEWA) and the Natural Environment Research Council NERC (project NE/K000268/1). We thank Dr. Sarah Dunn and the late Dr. Julian Dawson for their help and encouragement in the initiation of this project. We thank all who provided samples for the low flow spot sampling scheme. Comments from Mark Brewer and two anonymous Reviewers improved the quality of the final paper. All 100 m isoscape raster maps and isotope data are available for download.",

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AU - Helliwell, Rachel

AU - Thornton, Barry

AU - Gibbs, Sheila

AU - Cooper, Pat

AU - Soulsby, Chris

AU - Tetzlaff, Doerthe

AU - Spezia, Luigi

AU - Esquivel-Hernández, Germain

AU - Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo

AU - Midwood, Andrew J.

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KW - Stable isotopes

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JF - Journal of Geochemical Exploration

ER -

Characterization of surface water isotope spatial patterns of Scotland

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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