COSMOS-Europe: a European network of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture sensors

Heye Reemt Bogena; Martin Schrön; Jannis  Jakobi; Patrizia Ney; Steffen Zacharias; Mie Andreasen; Roland Baatz; David Boorman; Mustafa Berk Duygu; Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán; Benjamin Fersch; Till Franke; Josie Geris; María González Sanchis; Yann Kerr; Tobias Korf; Zalalem Mengistu; Arnaud Mialon; Paolo Nasta; Jerzy Nitychoruk; Vassilios Pisinaras; Daniel Rasche; Rafael Rosolem; Hami Said; Paul Schattan; Marek Zreda; Stefan Achleitner; Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández; Zuhal Akyürek; Theresa Blume; Antonio del Campo; Davide Canone; Katya Dimitrova Petrova; John Evans; Stefano Ferraris; Félix Frances; Davide Gisolo; Andreas Güntner; Frank Herrmann; Joost Iwema; Karsten H Jensen; Harald Kunstmann; Antonio Lidón; Majken Caroline Looms; Sascha Oswald; Andreas Panagopoulos; Amol Patil; Daniel Power; Corinna Rebmann; Nunzio Romano; Lena Scheiffele; Sonia Seneviratne; Georg Weltin; Harry Vereecken

doi:10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022

COSMOS-Europe: a European network of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture sensors

Heye Reemt Bogena^*, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy NitychorukVassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova Petrova, John Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, Harry Vereecken

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Climate change increases the occurrence and severity of droughts due to increasing temperatures, altered circulation patterns, and reduced snow occurrence. While Europe has suffered from drought events in the last decade unlike ever seen since the beginning of weather recordings, harmonized long-term datasets across the continent are needed to monitor change and support predictions. Here we present soil moisture data from 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNSs) in Europe (COSMOS-Europe for short) covering recent drought events. The CRNS sites are distributed across Europe and cover all major land use types and climate zones in Europe. The raw neutron count data from the CRNS stations were provided by 24 research institutions and processed using state-of-the-art methods. The harmonized processing included correction of the raw neutron counts and a harmonized methodology for the conversion into soil moisture based on available in situ information. In addition, the uncertainty estimate is provided with the dataset, information that is particularly useful for remote sensing and modeling applications. This paper presents the current spatiotemporal coverage of CRNS stations in Europe and describes the protocols for data processing from raw measurements to consistent soil moisture products. The data of the presented COSMOS-Europe network open up a manifold of potential applications for environmental research, such as remote sensing data validation, trend analysis, or model assimilation. The dataset could be of particular importance for the analysis of extreme climatic events at the continental scale. Due its timely relevance in the scope of climate change in the recent years, we demonstrate this potential application with a brief analysis on the spatiotemporal soil moisture variability. The dataset, entitled “Dataset of COSMOS-Europe: A European network of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Soil Moisture Sensors”, is shared via Forschungszentrum Jülich: https://doi.org/10.34731/x9s3-kr48 (Bogena and Ney, 2021).

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1125–1151
Number of pages	27
Journal	Earth System Science Data
Volume	14
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022
Publication status	Published - 11 Mar 2022

Bibliographical note

We thank TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories), funded by the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft for the
financing and maintenance of CRNS stations. We acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG,
German Research Foundation) of the research unit FOR 2694 Cosmic Sense (grant no. 357874777) and by the German Federal Ministry of Education of the Research BioökonomieREVIER, Digitales
Geosystem – Rheinisches Revier project (grant no. 031B0918A).
COSMOS-UK has been supported financially by the UK’s Natural Environment Research Council (grant no. NE/R016429/1).
The Olocau experimental watershed is partially supported by
the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research project TETISCHANGE (grant no. RTI2018-093717-BI00). The Calderona experimental site is partially supported by
the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research projects CEHYRFO-MED (grant no. CGL2017-86839-
C3-2-R) and SILVADAPT.NET (grant no. RED2018-102719-T)
and the LIFE project RESILIENT FORESTS (grant no. LIFE17
CCA/ES/000063). The University of Bristol’s Sheepdrove sites
have been supported by the UK’s Natural Environment Research
Council through a number of projects (grant nos. NE/M003086/1,
NE/R004897/1, and NE/T005645/1) and by the International
Atomic Energy Agency of the United Nations (grant no. CRP
D12014).

Acknowledgements. We thank Peter Strauss and Gerhab Rab
from the Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management Austria, Petzenkirchen, Austria. We thank Trenton Franz from the School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United
States. We also thank Carmen Zengerle, Mandy Kasner, Felix Pohl,
and Solveig Landmark, UFZ Leipzig, for supporting field calibration, lab analysis, and data processing. We furthermore thank Daniel
Dolfus, Marius Schmidt, Ansgar Weuthen, and Bernd Schilling,
Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany. The COSMOS-UK project
team is thanked for making its data available to COSMOS-Europe.
Luca Stevanato is thanked for the technical details about the Finapp
sensor. The stations at Cunnersdorf, Lindenberg, and Harzgerode
have been supported by Falk Böttcher, Frank Beyrich, and Petra
Fude, German Weather Service (DWD). The Zerbst site has been
supported by Getec Green Energy GmbH and Jörg Kachelmann
(Meteologix AG). The CESBIO sites have been supported by the
CNES TOSCA program. The ERA5-Land data are provided by
ECMWF (Muñoz Sabater, 2021). The Jena dataset was retrieved
at the site of The Jena Experiment, operated by DFG research unit
FOR 1451.

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Cite this

Bogena, H. R., Schrön, M., Jakobi, J., Ney, P., Zacharias, S., Andreasen, M., Baatz, R., Boorman, D., Duygu, M. B., Eguibar-Galán, M. A., Fersch, B., Franke, T., Geris, J., González Sanchis, M., Kerr, Y., Korf, T., Mengistu, Z., Mialon, A., Nasta, P., ... Vereecken, H. (2022). COSMOS-Europe: a European network of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture sensors. Earth System Science Data, 14, 1125–1151. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022

Bogena, HR, Schrön, M, Jakobi, J, Ney, P, Zacharias, S, Andreasen, M, Baatz, R, Boorman, D, Duygu, MB, Eguibar-Galán, MA, Fersch, B, Franke, T, Geris, J, González Sanchis, M, Kerr, Y, Korf, T, Mengistu, Z, Mialon, A, Nasta, P, Nitychoruk, J, Pisinaras, V, Rasche, D, Rosolem, R, Said, H, Schattan, P, Zreda, M, Achleitner, S, Albentosa-Hernández, E, Akyürek, Z, Blume, T, del Campo, A, Canone, D, Dimitrova Petrova, K, Evans, J, Ferraris, S, Frances, F, Gisolo, D, Güntner, A, Herrmann, F, Iwema, J, Jensen, KH, Kunstmann, H, Lidón, A, Looms, MC, Oswald, S, Panagopoulos, A, Patil, A, Power, D, Rebmann, C, Romano, N, Scheiffele, L, Seneviratne, S, Weltin, G & Vereecken, H 2022, 'COSMOS-Europe: a European network of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture sensors', Earth System Science Data, vol. 14, pp. 1125–1151. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022

@article{6edd3742fd8542c4850c808bb7ceb83d,

title = "COSMOS-Europe: a European network of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture sensors",

abstract = "Climate change increases the occurrence and severity of droughts due to increasing temperatures, altered circulation patterns, and reduced snow occurrence. While Europe has suffered from drought events in the last decade unlike ever seen since the beginning of weather recordings, harmonized long-term datasets across the continent are needed to monitor change and support predictions. Here we present soil moisture data from 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNSs) in Europe (COSMOS-Europe for short) covering recent drought events. The CRNS sites are distributed across Europe and cover all major land use types and climate zones in Europe. The raw neutron count data from the CRNS stations were provided by 24 research institutions and processed using state-of-the-art methods. The harmonized processing included correction of the raw neutron counts and a harmonized methodology for the conversion into soil moisture based on available in situ information. In addition, the uncertainty estimate is provided with the dataset, information that is particularly useful for remote sensing and modeling applications. This paper presents the current spatiotemporal coverage of CRNS stations in Europe and describes the protocols for data processing from raw measurements to consistent soil moisture products. The data of the presented COSMOS-Europe network open up a manifold of potential applications for environmental research, such as remote sensing data validation, trend analysis, or model assimilation. The dataset could be of particular importance for the analysis of extreme climatic events at the continental scale. Due its timely relevance in the scope of climate change in the recent years, we demonstrate this potential application with a brief analysis on the spatiotemporal soil moisture variability. The dataset, entitled “Dataset of COSMOS-Europe: A European network of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Soil Moisture Sensors”, is shared via Forschungszentrum J{\"u}lich: https://doi.org/10.34731/x9s3-kr48 (Bogena and Ney, 2021).",

author = "Bogena, {Heye Reemt} and Martin Schr{\"o}n and Jannis Jakobi and Patrizia Ney and Steffen Zacharias and Mie Andreasen and Roland Baatz and David Boorman and Duygu, {Mustafa Berk} and Eguibar-Gal{\'a}n, {Miguel Angel} and Benjamin Fersch and Till Franke and Josie Geris and {Gonz{\'a}lez Sanchis}, Mar{\'i}a and Yann Kerr and Tobias Korf and Zalalem Mengistu and Arnaud Mialon and Paolo Nasta and Jerzy Nitychoruk and Vassilios Pisinaras and Daniel Rasche and Rafael Rosolem and Hami Said and Paul Schattan and Marek Zreda and Stefan Achleitner and Eduardo Albentosa-Hern{\'a}ndez and Zuhal Aky{\"u}rek and Theresa Blume and {del Campo}, Antonio and Davide Canone and {Dimitrova Petrova}, Katya and John Evans and Stefano Ferraris and F{\'e}lix Frances and Davide Gisolo and Andreas G{\"u}ntner and Frank Herrmann and Joost Iwema and Jensen, {Karsten H} and Harald Kunstmann and Antonio Lid{\'o}n and Looms, {Majken Caroline} and Sascha Oswald and Andreas Panagopoulos and Amol Patil and Daniel Power and Corinna Rebmann and Nunzio Romano and Lena Scheiffele and Sonia Seneviratne and Georg Weltin and Harry Vereecken",

note = "We thank TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories), funded by the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft for the financing and maintenance of CRNS stations. We acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) of the research unit FOR 2694 Cosmic Sense (grant no. 357874777) and by the German Federal Ministry of Education of the Research Bio{\"o}konomieREVIER, Digitales Geosystem – Rheinisches Revier project (grant no. 031B0918A). COSMOS-UK has been supported financially by the UK{\textquoteright}s Natural Environment Research Council (grant no. NE/R016429/1). The Olocau experimental watershed is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research project TETISCHANGE (grant no. RTI2018-093717-BI00). The Calderona experimental site is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research projects CEHYRFO-MED (grant no. CGL2017-86839- C3-2-R) and SILVADAPT.NET (grant no. RED2018-102719-T) and the LIFE project RESILIENT FORESTS (grant no. LIFE17 CCA/ES/000063). The University of Bristol{\textquoteright}s Sheepdrove sites have been supported by the UK{\textquoteright}s Natural Environment Research Council through a number of projects (grant nos. NE/M003086/1, NE/R004897/1, and NE/T005645/1) and by the International Atomic Energy Agency of the United Nations (grant no. CRP D12014). Acknowledgements. We thank Peter Strauss and Gerhab Rab from the Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management Austria, Petzenkirchen, Austria. We thank Trenton Franz from the School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States. We also thank Carmen Zengerle, Mandy Kasner, Felix Pohl, and Solveig Landmark, UFZ Leipzig, for supporting field calibration, lab analysis, and data processing. We furthermore thank Daniel Dolfus, Marius Schmidt, Ansgar Weuthen, and Bernd Schilling, Forschungszentrum J{\"u}lich, Germany. The COSMOS-UK project team is thanked for making its data available to COSMOS-Europe. Luca Stevanato is thanked for the technical details about the Finapp sensor. The stations at Cunnersdorf, Lindenberg, and Harzgerode have been supported by Falk B{\"o}ttcher, Frank Beyrich, and Petra Fude, German Weather Service (DWD). The Zerbst site has been supported by Getec Green Energy GmbH and J{\"o}rg Kachelmann (Meteologix AG). The CESBIO sites have been supported by the CNES TOSCA program. The ERA5-Land data are provided by ECMWF (Mu{\~n}oz Sabater, 2021). The Jena dataset was retrieved at the site of The Jena Experiment, operated by DFG research unit FOR 1451. ",

year = "2022",

month = mar,

day = "11",

doi = "10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022",

language = "English",

volume = "14",

pages = "1125–1151",

journal = "Earth System Science Data",

issn = "1866-3508",

publisher = "Copernicus Publications",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - COSMOS-Europe

T2 - a European network of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture sensors

AU - Bogena, Heye Reemt

AU - Schrön, Martin

AU - Jakobi, Jannis

AU - Ney, Patrizia

AU - Zacharias, Steffen

AU - Andreasen, Mie

AU - Baatz, Roland

AU - Boorman, David

AU - Duygu, Mustafa Berk

AU - Eguibar-Galán, Miguel Angel

AU - Fersch, Benjamin

AU - Franke, Till

AU - Geris, Josie

AU - González Sanchis, María

AU - Kerr, Yann

AU - Korf, Tobias

AU - Mengistu, Zalalem

AU - Mialon, Arnaud

AU - Nasta, Paolo

AU - Nitychoruk, Jerzy

AU - Pisinaras, Vassilios

AU - Rasche, Daniel

AU - Rosolem, Rafael

AU - Said, Hami

AU - Schattan, Paul

AU - Zreda, Marek

AU - Achleitner, Stefan

AU - Albentosa-Hernández, Eduardo

AU - Akyürek, Zuhal

AU - Blume, Theresa

AU - del Campo, Antonio

AU - Canone, Davide

AU - Dimitrova Petrova, Katya

AU - Evans, John

AU - Ferraris, Stefano

AU - Frances, Félix

AU - Gisolo, Davide

AU - Güntner, Andreas

AU - Herrmann, Frank

AU - Iwema, Joost

AU - Jensen, Karsten H

AU - Kunstmann, Harald

AU - Lidón, Antonio

AU - Looms, Majken Caroline

AU - Oswald, Sascha

AU - Panagopoulos, Andreas

AU - Patil, Amol

AU - Power, Daniel

AU - Rebmann, Corinna

AU - Romano, Nunzio

AU - Scheiffele, Lena

AU - Seneviratne, Sonia

AU - Weltin, Georg

AU - Vereecken, Harry

N1 - We thank TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories), funded by the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft for the financing and maintenance of CRNS stations. We acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) of the research unit FOR 2694 Cosmic Sense (grant no. 357874777) and by the German Federal Ministry of Education of the Research BioökonomieREVIER, Digitales Geosystem – Rheinisches Revier project (grant no. 031B0918A). COSMOS-UK has been supported financially by the UK’s Natural Environment Research Council (grant no. NE/R016429/1). The Olocau experimental watershed is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research project TETISCHANGE (grant no. RTI2018-093717-BI00). The Calderona experimental site is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research projects CEHYRFO-MED (grant no. CGL2017-86839- C3-2-R) and SILVADAPT.NET (grant no. RED2018-102719-T) and the LIFE project RESILIENT FORESTS (grant no. LIFE17 CCA/ES/000063). The University of Bristol’s Sheepdrove sites have been supported by the UK’s Natural Environment Research Council through a number of projects (grant nos. NE/M003086/1, NE/R004897/1, and NE/T005645/1) and by the International Atomic Energy Agency of the United Nations (grant no. CRP D12014). Acknowledgements. We thank Peter Strauss and Gerhab Rab from the Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management Austria, Petzenkirchen, Austria. We thank Trenton Franz from the School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States. We also thank Carmen Zengerle, Mandy Kasner, Felix Pohl, and Solveig Landmark, UFZ Leipzig, for supporting field calibration, lab analysis, and data processing. We furthermore thank Daniel Dolfus, Marius Schmidt, Ansgar Weuthen, and Bernd Schilling, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany. The COSMOS-UK project team is thanked for making its data available to COSMOS-Europe. Luca Stevanato is thanked for the technical details about the Finapp sensor. The stations at Cunnersdorf, Lindenberg, and Harzgerode have been supported by Falk Böttcher, Frank Beyrich, and Petra Fude, German Weather Service (DWD). The Zerbst site has been supported by Getec Green Energy GmbH and Jörg Kachelmann (Meteologix AG). The CESBIO sites have been supported by the CNES TOSCA program. The ERA5-Land data are provided by ECMWF (Muñoz Sabater, 2021). The Jena dataset was retrieved at the site of The Jena Experiment, operated by DFG research unit FOR 1451.

PY - 2022/3/11

Y1 - 2022/3/11

N2 - Climate change increases the occurrence and severity of droughts due to increasing temperatures, altered circulation patterns, and reduced snow occurrence. While Europe has suffered from drought events in the last decade unlike ever seen since the beginning of weather recordings, harmonized long-term datasets across the continent are needed to monitor change and support predictions. Here we present soil moisture data from 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNSs) in Europe (COSMOS-Europe for short) covering recent drought events. The CRNS sites are distributed across Europe and cover all major land use types and climate zones in Europe. The raw neutron count data from the CRNS stations were provided by 24 research institutions and processed using state-of-the-art methods. The harmonized processing included correction of the raw neutron counts and a harmonized methodology for the conversion into soil moisture based on available in situ information. In addition, the uncertainty estimate is provided with the dataset, information that is particularly useful for remote sensing and modeling applications. This paper presents the current spatiotemporal coverage of CRNS stations in Europe and describes the protocols for data processing from raw measurements to consistent soil moisture products. The data of the presented COSMOS-Europe network open up a manifold of potential applications for environmental research, such as remote sensing data validation, trend analysis, or model assimilation. The dataset could be of particular importance for the analysis of extreme climatic events at the continental scale. Due its timely relevance in the scope of climate change in the recent years, we demonstrate this potential application with a brief analysis on the spatiotemporal soil moisture variability. The dataset, entitled “Dataset of COSMOS-Europe: A European network of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Soil Moisture Sensors”, is shared via Forschungszentrum Jülich: https://doi.org/10.34731/x9s3-kr48 (Bogena and Ney, 2021).

AB - Climate change increases the occurrence and severity of droughts due to increasing temperatures, altered circulation patterns, and reduced snow occurrence. While Europe has suffered from drought events in the last decade unlike ever seen since the beginning of weather recordings, harmonized long-term datasets across the continent are needed to monitor change and support predictions. Here we present soil moisture data from 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNSs) in Europe (COSMOS-Europe for short) covering recent drought events. The CRNS sites are distributed across Europe and cover all major land use types and climate zones in Europe. The raw neutron count data from the CRNS stations were provided by 24 research institutions and processed using state-of-the-art methods. The harmonized processing included correction of the raw neutron counts and a harmonized methodology for the conversion into soil moisture based on available in situ information. In addition, the uncertainty estimate is provided with the dataset, information that is particularly useful for remote sensing and modeling applications. This paper presents the current spatiotemporal coverage of CRNS stations in Europe and describes the protocols for data processing from raw measurements to consistent soil moisture products. The data of the presented COSMOS-Europe network open up a manifold of potential applications for environmental research, such as remote sensing data validation, trend analysis, or model assimilation. The dataset could be of particular importance for the analysis of extreme climatic events at the continental scale. Due its timely relevance in the scope of climate change in the recent years, we demonstrate this potential application with a brief analysis on the spatiotemporal soil moisture variability. The dataset, entitled “Dataset of COSMOS-Europe: A European network of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Soil Moisture Sensors”, is shared via Forschungszentrum Jülich: https://doi.org/10.34731/x9s3-kr48 (Bogena and Ney, 2021).

U2 - 10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022

DO - 10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022

M3 - Article

SN - 1866-3508

VL - 14

SP - 1125

EP - 1151

JO - Earth System Science Data

JF - Earth System Science Data

ER -

COSMOS-Europe: a European network of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture sensors

Abstract

Bibliographical note

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