Abstract
What cultural ecosystem services (CES) do people perceive in their immediate surroundings, and what sensory experiences are linked to these ecosystem services? And how are these CES and experiences expressed in natural language? In this study, we used data generated through a gamified application called Window Expeditions, where people uploaded short descriptions of landscapes they were able to experience through their windows during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a combination of annotation, close reading and distant reading using natural language processing and graph analysis to extract CES and sensory experiences and link these to biophysical landscape elements. In total, 272 users contributed 373 descriptions in English across more than 40 countries. Of the cultural ecosystem services, recreation was the most prominently described, followed by heritage, identity and tranquility. Descriptions of sensory experiences focused on the visual but also included auditory experiences and touch and feel. Sensory experiences and cultural ecosystem services varied according to biophysical landscape elements, with, for example, animals being more associated with sound and touch/feel and heritage being more associated with moving objects and the built environment. Sentiments also varied across the senses, with the visual being more strongly associated with positive experiences than other senses. This study showed how a hybrid approach combining manual analysis and natural language processing can be productively applied to landscape descriptions generated by members of the public, and how CES on everyday lived landscapes can be extracted from such data sources.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 2331761 |
Number of pages | 17 |
Journal | Ecosystems and People |
Volume | 20 |
Issue number | 1 |
Early online date | 3 Apr 2024 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 3 Apr 2024 |
Bibliographical note
AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank everyone who took part in Window Expeditions, without you this research would not have been possible! We would also like to extend our gratitude to the anonymous reviewers whose helpful comments improved the quality of this paper.
Funding
University Research Priority Program (URPP) – Language and Space & Swiss National Science Foundation Grant [P500PT_214436]
Keywords
- active crowdsourcing
- cultural ecosystem services
- everyday lived landscapes
- multi-sensory landscape perception
- natural language processing
- gamification