GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: A greenhouse experiment

Amnah Salem Al Zbedy; Viktoria  Müller; Andrew Kindness; Rainer Ebel; Gareth Norton; Jörg Feldmann

doi:10.1007/s11356-023-31160-w

GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: A greenhouse experiment

Amnah Salem Al Zbedy, Viktoria Müller, Andrew Kindness, Rainer Ebel, Gareth Norton, Jörg Feldmann^* (Corresponding Author)

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) belongs to the group of per- and poly18 fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds introduced to replace perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been phased out in industrial and consumer product formulations. While GenX has been investigated in lab animals, there is limited information available regarding its uptake and translocation in wheat and rice. This study reports on a greenhouse experiment in which wheat and rice grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions were exposed to two GenX concentrations in the soil (0.4 mg kg-1
and 2 mg kg-1). GenX was analysed in the soil, porewater and shoots using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC25 MS/MS) analysis. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was determined using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR GFMAS) instrument. Results showed that different species took up different amounts of GenX. The GenX concentration in rice shoots was found to be 2.34 (±0.45) 1and 4.11 (±0.87) μg g-1under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively, at a low exposure level. At high exposure, the GenX concentrations in flooded and non-flooded rice shoots increased threefold to 10.4(±0.41) and 13.4 (±0.72) μg g-1, respectively. Wheat shoots showed similar concentrations andincreases between low- and high-level exposure.
The translocation factor was significantly higher (P=0.013) in non-flooded rice compared to flooded rice. The GenX bioaccumulation behaviours under the same culture conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, same GenX concentration in the soil) were significantly different in non-flooded and flooded rice (P<0.001). Non-flooded rice plants displayed a higher level of GenX bioaccumulation than flooded ones. Following exposure to GenX, flooded rice plants showed a reduction in biomass (25%) compared to the control plants (P<0.014). Our findings indicate that GenX is a bioaccumulative compound, the presence of which likely inhibits the growth of plants.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1607-1620
Number of pages	14
Journal	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Volume	31
Issue number	1
Early online date	4 Dec 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31160-w
Publication status	Published - Jan 2024

Bibliographical note

Funding
Amnah Al Zbedy: financial support of her scholarship from the Cultural Bureau of Saudi Arabia, London. Viktoria Müller: financial support of her scholarship from the Macaulay Development Trust, UK.

Data Availability Statement

Availability of data and materials
Most data are made available in the supplementary material. Additional data will be made available from the corresponding author on request.

Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31160-w.

Keywords

PFAS
plant uptake
rice
agriculture practise
wheat
EOF

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title = "GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: A greenhouse experiment",

abstract = "GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) belongs to the group of per- and poly18 fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds introduced to replace perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been phased out in industrial and consumer product formulations. While GenX has been investigated in lab animals, there is limited information available regarding its uptake and translocation in wheat and rice. This study reports on a greenhouse experiment in which wheat and rice grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions were exposed to two GenX concentrations in the soil (0.4 mg kg-1and 2 mg kg-1). GenX was analysed in the soil, porewater and shoots using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC25 MS/MS) analysis. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was determined using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR GFMAS) instrument. Results showed that different species took up different amounts of GenX. The GenX concentration in rice shoots was found to be 2.34 (±0.45) 1and 4.11 (±0.87) μg g-1under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively, at a low exposure level. At high exposure, the GenX concentrations in flooded and non-flooded rice shoots increased threefold to 10.4(±0.41) and 13.4 (±0.72) μg g-1, respectively. Wheat shoots showed similar concentrations andincreases between low- and high-level exposure.The translocation factor was significantly higher (P=0.013) in non-flooded rice compared to flooded rice. The GenX bioaccumulation behaviours under the same culture conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, same GenX concentration in the soil) were significantly different in non-flooded and flooded rice (P<0.001). Non-flooded rice plants displayed a higher level of GenX bioaccumulation than flooded ones. Following exposure to GenX, flooded rice plants showed a reduction in biomass (25%) compared to the control plants (P<0.014). Our findings indicate that GenX is a bioaccumulative compound, the presence of which likely inhibits the growth of plants.",

keywords = "PFAS, plant uptake, rice, agriculture practise, wheat, EOF",

author = "{Al Zbedy}, {Amnah Salem} and Viktoria M{\"u}ller and Andrew Kindness and Rainer Ebel and Gareth Norton and J{\"o}rg Feldmann",

note = "Funding Amnah Al Zbedy: financial support of her scholarship from the Cultural Bureau of Saudi Arabia, London. Viktoria M{\"u}ller: financial support of her scholarship from the Macaulay Development Trust, UK. ",

year = "2024",

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doi = "10.1007/s11356-023-31160-w",

language = "English",

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T1 - GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils

T2 - A greenhouse experiment

AU - Al Zbedy, Amnah Salem

AU - Müller, Viktoria

AU - Kindness, Andrew

AU - Ebel, Rainer

AU - Norton, Gareth

AU - Feldmann, Jörg

N1 - Funding Amnah Al Zbedy: financial support of her scholarship from the Cultural Bureau of Saudi Arabia, London. Viktoria Müller: financial support of her scholarship from the Macaulay Development Trust, UK.

PY - 2024/1

Y1 - 2024/1

N2 - GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) belongs to the group of per- and poly18 fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds introduced to replace perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been phased out in industrial and consumer product formulations. While GenX has been investigated in lab animals, there is limited information available regarding its uptake and translocation in wheat and rice. This study reports on a greenhouse experiment in which wheat and rice grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions were exposed to two GenX concentrations in the soil (0.4 mg kg-1and 2 mg kg-1). GenX was analysed in the soil, porewater and shoots using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC25 MS/MS) analysis. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was determined using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR GFMAS) instrument. Results showed that different species took up different amounts of GenX. The GenX concentration in rice shoots was found to be 2.34 (±0.45) 1and 4.11 (±0.87) μg g-1under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively, at a low exposure level. At high exposure, the GenX concentrations in flooded and non-flooded rice shoots increased threefold to 10.4(±0.41) and 13.4 (±0.72) μg g-1, respectively. Wheat shoots showed similar concentrations andincreases between low- and high-level exposure.The translocation factor was significantly higher (P=0.013) in non-flooded rice compared to flooded rice. The GenX bioaccumulation behaviours under the same culture conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, same GenX concentration in the soil) were significantly different in non-flooded and flooded rice (P<0.001). Non-flooded rice plants displayed a higher level of GenX bioaccumulation than flooded ones. Following exposure to GenX, flooded rice plants showed a reduction in biomass (25%) compared to the control plants (P<0.014). Our findings indicate that GenX is a bioaccumulative compound, the presence of which likely inhibits the growth of plants.

AB - GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) belongs to the group of per- and poly18 fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds introduced to replace perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been phased out in industrial and consumer product formulations. While GenX has been investigated in lab animals, there is limited information available regarding its uptake and translocation in wheat and rice. This study reports on a greenhouse experiment in which wheat and rice grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions were exposed to two GenX concentrations in the soil (0.4 mg kg-1and 2 mg kg-1). GenX was analysed in the soil, porewater and shoots using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC25 MS/MS) analysis. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was determined using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR GFMAS) instrument. Results showed that different species took up different amounts of GenX. The GenX concentration in rice shoots was found to be 2.34 (±0.45) 1and 4.11 (±0.87) μg g-1under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively, at a low exposure level. At high exposure, the GenX concentrations in flooded and non-flooded rice shoots increased threefold to 10.4(±0.41) and 13.4 (±0.72) μg g-1, respectively. Wheat shoots showed similar concentrations andincreases between low- and high-level exposure.The translocation factor was significantly higher (P=0.013) in non-flooded rice compared to flooded rice. The GenX bioaccumulation behaviours under the same culture conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, same GenX concentration in the soil) were significantly different in non-flooded and flooded rice (P<0.001). Non-flooded rice plants displayed a higher level of GenX bioaccumulation than flooded ones. Following exposure to GenX, flooded rice plants showed a reduction in biomass (25%) compared to the control plants (P<0.014). Our findings indicate that GenX is a bioaccumulative compound, the presence of which likely inhibits the growth of plants.

KW - PFAS

KW - plant uptake

KW - rice

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KW - wheat

KW - EOF

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DO - 10.1007/s11356-023-31160-w

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SN - 0944-1344

VL - 31

SP - 1607

EP - 1620

JO - Environmental Science and Pollution Research

JF - Environmental Science and Pollution Research

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ER -

GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: A greenhouse experiment

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Data Availability Statement

Keywords

Access to Document

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