Household income, fetal size and birth weight: An analysis of eight populations

Steve Turner; Anke G. Posthumus; Eric A.P. Steegers; Amel Almakoshi; Bahauddin Sallout; Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman; Emily Oken; Ben Kumwenda; Fatemah Alostad; Catherine Wright-Corker; Laura Watson; Diane Mak; Hiu Ching Cheung; Alice Judge; Lorna Aucott; Vincent W.V. Jaddoe; Isabella Annesi Maesano; Munawar Hussain Soomro; Peter Hindmarsh; Geir Jacobsen; Torstein Vik; Isolina Rianõ-Galan; Ana Cristina Rodríguez-Dehli; Aitana Lertxundi; Loreto Santa Marina Rodriguez; Martine Vrijheid; Jordi Julvez; Ana Esplugues; Carmen Iñiguez

doi:10.1136/jech-2021-218112

Household income, fetal size and birth weight: An analysis of eight populations

Steve Turner^*, Anke G. Posthumus, Eric A.P. Steegers, Amel Almakoshi, Bahauddin Sallout, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Emily Oken, Ben Kumwenda, Fatemah Alostad, Catherine Wright-Corker, Laura Watson, Diane Mak, Hiu Ching Cheung, Alice Judge, Lorna Aucott, Vincent W.V. Jaddoe, Isabella Annesi Maesano, Munawar Hussain Soomro, Peter Hindmarsh, Geir JacobsenTorstein Vik, Isolina Rianõ-Galan, Ana Cristina Rodríguez-Dehli, Aitana Lertxundi, Loreto Santa Marina Rodriguez, Martine Vrijheid, Jordi Julvez, Ana Esplugues, Carmen Iñiguez

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Background: The age at onset of the association between poverty and poor health is not understood. Our hypothesis was that individuals from highest household income (HI), compared to those with lowest HI, will have increased fetal size in the second and third trimester and birth. Methods.: Second and third trimester fetal ultrasound measurements and birth measurements were obtained from eight cohorts. Results were analysed in cross-sectional two-stage individual patient data (IPD) analyses and also a longitudinal one-stage IPD analysis. Results: The eight cohorts included 21 714 individuals. In the two-stage (cross-sectional) IPD analysis, individuals from the highest HI category compared with those from the lowest HI category had larger head size at birth (mean difference 0.22 z score (0.07, 0.36)), in the third trimester (0.25 (0.16, 0.33)) and second trimester (0.11 (0.02, 0.19)). Weight was higher at birth in the highest HI category. In the one-stage (longitudinal) IPD analysis which included data from six cohorts (n=11 062), head size was larger (mean difference 0.13 (0.03, 0.23)) for individuals in the highest HI compared with lowest category, and this difference became greater between the second trimester and birth. Similarly, in the one-stage IPD, weight was heavier in second highest HI category compared with the lowest (mean difference 0.10 (0.00, 0.20)) and the difference widened as pregnancy progressed. Length was not linked to HI category in the longitudinal model. Conclusions: The association between HI, an index of poverty, and fetal size is already present in the second trimester.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	629-636
Number of pages	8
Journal	Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
Volume	76
Early online date	12 Apr 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-218112
Publication status	Published - 6 Jun 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Data Availability Statement

Data are available on reasonable request. Data are available on request to the data controller for each cohort (IAM for EDEN, VWVJ for Generation R, CI for the INMA cohorts, PH for the London cohort, EO for Project Viva, ST for the Saudi and SEATON cohorts and GJ for Scandinavian SGA).

Keywords

Birth Weight
Embryonic And Fetal Development
Epidemiology
Poverty

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1136/jech-2021-218112Licence: Unspecified

Cite this

Turner, S., Posthumus, A. G., Steegers, E. A. P., Almakoshi, A., Sallout, B., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Oken, E., Kumwenda, B., Alostad, F., Wright-Corker, C., Watson, L., Mak, D., Cheung, H. C., Judge, A., Aucott, L., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Annesi Maesano, I., Soomro, M. H., Hindmarsh, P., ... Iñiguez, C. (2022). Household income, fetal size and birth weight: An analysis of eight populations. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76, 629-636. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-218112

Turner, S, Posthumus, AG, Steegers, EAP, Almakoshi, A, Sallout, B, Rifas-Shiman, SL, Oken, E, Kumwenda, B, Alostad, F, Wright-Corker, C, Watson, L, Mak, D, Cheung, HC, Judge, A, Aucott, L, Jaddoe, VWV, Annesi Maesano, I, Soomro, MH, Hindmarsh, P, Jacobsen, G, Vik, T, Rianõ-Galan, I, Rodríguez-Dehli, AC, Lertxundi, A, Rodriguez, LSM, Vrijheid, M, Julvez, J, Esplugues, A & Iñiguez, C 2022, 'Household income, fetal size and birth weight: An analysis of eight populations', Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 76, pp. 629-636. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-218112

@article{111239f8e5ae4857ab4ae14ecc52a603,

title = "Household income, fetal size and birth weight: An analysis of eight populations",

abstract = "Background: The age at onset of the association between poverty and poor health is not understood. Our hypothesis was that individuals from highest household income (HI), compared to those with lowest HI, will have increased fetal size in the second and third trimester and birth. Methods.: Second and third trimester fetal ultrasound measurements and birth measurements were obtained from eight cohorts. Results were analysed in cross-sectional two-stage individual patient data (IPD) analyses and also a longitudinal one-stage IPD analysis. Results: The eight cohorts included 21 714 individuals. In the two-stage (cross-sectional) IPD analysis, individuals from the highest HI category compared with those from the lowest HI category had larger head size at birth (mean difference 0.22 z score (0.07, 0.36)), in the third trimester (0.25 (0.16, 0.33)) and second trimester (0.11 (0.02, 0.19)). Weight was higher at birth in the highest HI category. In the one-stage (longitudinal) IPD analysis which included data from six cohorts (n=11 062), head size was larger (mean difference 0.13 (0.03, 0.23)) for individuals in the highest HI compared with lowest category, and this difference became greater between the second trimester and birth. Similarly, in the one-stage IPD, weight was heavier in second highest HI category compared with the lowest (mean difference 0.10 (0.00, 0.20)) and the difference widened as pregnancy progressed. Length was not linked to HI category in the longitudinal model. Conclusions: The association between HI, an index of poverty, and fetal size is already present in the second trimester. ",

keywords = "Birth Weight, Embryonic And Fetal Development, Epidemiology, Poverty",

author = "Steve Turner and Posthumus, {Anke G.} and Steegers, {Eric A.P.} and Amel Almakoshi and Bahauddin Sallout and Rifas-Shiman, {Sheryl L.} and Emily Oken and Ben Kumwenda and Fatemah Alostad and Catherine Wright-Corker and Laura Watson and Diane Mak and Cheung, {Hiu Ching} and Alice Judge and Lorna Aucott and Jaddoe, {Vincent W.V.} and {Annesi Maesano}, Isabella and Soomro, {Munawar Hussain} and Peter Hindmarsh and Geir Jacobsen and Torstein Vik and Isolina Rian{\~o}-Galan and Rodr{\'i}guez-Dehli, {Ana Cristina} and Aitana Lertxundi and Rodriguez, {Loreto Santa Marina} and Martine Vrijheid and Jordi Julvez and Ana Esplugues and Carmen I{\~n}iguez",

note = "Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.",

year = "2022",

month = jun,

day = "6",

doi = "10.1136/jech-2021-218112",

language = "English",

volume = "76",

pages = "629--636",

journal = "Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health",

issn = "0143-005X",

publisher = "BMJ Publishing Group",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Household income, fetal size and birth weight

T2 - An analysis of eight populations

AU - Turner, Steve

AU - Posthumus, Anke G.

AU - Steegers, Eric A.P.

AU - Almakoshi, Amel

AU - Sallout, Bahauddin

AU - Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl L.

AU - Oken, Emily

AU - Kumwenda, Ben

AU - Alostad, Fatemah

AU - Wright-Corker, Catherine

AU - Watson, Laura

AU - Mak, Diane

AU - Cheung, Hiu Ching

AU - Judge, Alice

AU - Aucott, Lorna

AU - Jaddoe, Vincent W.V.

AU - Annesi Maesano, Isabella

AU - Soomro, Munawar Hussain

AU - Hindmarsh, Peter

AU - Jacobsen, Geir

AU - Vik, Torstein

AU - Rianõ-Galan, Isolina

AU - Rodríguez-Dehli, Ana Cristina

AU - Lertxundi, Aitana

AU - Rodriguez, Loreto Santa Marina

AU - Vrijheid, Martine

AU - Julvez, Jordi

AU - Esplugues, Ana

AU - Iñiguez, Carmen

N1 - Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

PY - 2022/6/6

Y1 - 2022/6/6

N2 - Background: The age at onset of the association between poverty and poor health is not understood. Our hypothesis was that individuals from highest household income (HI), compared to those with lowest HI, will have increased fetal size in the second and third trimester and birth. Methods.: Second and third trimester fetal ultrasound measurements and birth measurements were obtained from eight cohorts. Results were analysed in cross-sectional two-stage individual patient data (IPD) analyses and also a longitudinal one-stage IPD analysis. Results: The eight cohorts included 21 714 individuals. In the two-stage (cross-sectional) IPD analysis, individuals from the highest HI category compared with those from the lowest HI category had larger head size at birth (mean difference 0.22 z score (0.07, 0.36)), in the third trimester (0.25 (0.16, 0.33)) and second trimester (0.11 (0.02, 0.19)). Weight was higher at birth in the highest HI category. In the one-stage (longitudinal) IPD analysis which included data from six cohorts (n=11 062), head size was larger (mean difference 0.13 (0.03, 0.23)) for individuals in the highest HI compared with lowest category, and this difference became greater between the second trimester and birth. Similarly, in the one-stage IPD, weight was heavier in second highest HI category compared with the lowest (mean difference 0.10 (0.00, 0.20)) and the difference widened as pregnancy progressed. Length was not linked to HI category in the longitudinal model. Conclusions: The association between HI, an index of poverty, and fetal size is already present in the second trimester.

AB - Background: The age at onset of the association between poverty and poor health is not understood. Our hypothesis was that individuals from highest household income (HI), compared to those with lowest HI, will have increased fetal size in the second and third trimester and birth. Methods.: Second and third trimester fetal ultrasound measurements and birth measurements were obtained from eight cohorts. Results were analysed in cross-sectional two-stage individual patient data (IPD) analyses and also a longitudinal one-stage IPD analysis. Results: The eight cohorts included 21 714 individuals. In the two-stage (cross-sectional) IPD analysis, individuals from the highest HI category compared with those from the lowest HI category had larger head size at birth (mean difference 0.22 z score (0.07, 0.36)), in the third trimester (0.25 (0.16, 0.33)) and second trimester (0.11 (0.02, 0.19)). Weight was higher at birth in the highest HI category. In the one-stage (longitudinal) IPD analysis which included data from six cohorts (n=11 062), head size was larger (mean difference 0.13 (0.03, 0.23)) for individuals in the highest HI compared with lowest category, and this difference became greater between the second trimester and birth. Similarly, in the one-stage IPD, weight was heavier in second highest HI category compared with the lowest (mean difference 0.10 (0.00, 0.20)) and the difference widened as pregnancy progressed. Length was not linked to HI category in the longitudinal model. Conclusions: The association between HI, an index of poverty, and fetal size is already present in the second trimester.

KW - Birth Weight

KW - Embryonic And Fetal Development

KW - Epidemiology

KW - Poverty

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85128708291&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1136/jech-2021-218112

DO - 10.1136/jech-2021-218112

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85128708291

SN - 0143-005X

VL - 76

SP - 629

EP - 636

JO - Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

JF - Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

ER -

Household income, fetal size and birth weight: An analysis of eight populations

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Data Availability Statement

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this