Abstract
To harness all of the benefits of solid-state battery (SSB) architectures in terms of energy density, their negative electrode should be an alkali metal. However, the high chemical potential of alkali metals makes them prone to reduce most solid electrolytes (SE), resulting in a decomposition layer called an interphase at the metal|SE interface. Quantitative information about the interphase chemical composition and rate of formation is challenging to obtain because the reaction occurs at a buried interface. In this study, a thin layer of Na metal (Na0) is plated on the surface of an SE of the NaSICON family (Na3.4Zr2Si2.4P0.6O12 or NZSP) inside a commercial X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) system while continuously analyzing the composition of the interphase operando. We identify the existence of a solid electrolyte interphase at the Na0|NZSP interface, and more importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that this protocol can be used to study the kinetics of interphase formation. A second important outcome of this article is that the surface chemistry of NZSP samples can be tuned to improve their stability against Na0. It is demonstrated by XPS and time-resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) that a native NaxPOy layer present on the surface of as-sintered NZSP samples protects their surface against decomposition.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 853-862 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Chemistry of Materials |
Volume | 35 |
Issue number | 3 |
Early online date | 20 Jan 2023 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 14 Feb 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The authors thank Dr. Gwilherm Kerherve for his help with the XPS system and Dr. Peter Klusener for fruitful discussions as part of a collaboration with Shell. This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R002010/1), Shell Global Solutions International B.V., and Ceres Power Ltd.