Abstract
Changes in agricultural production methods have been associated with environmental pressure and a loss of natural habitats. This paper explores the extent to which farmer participation in off-farm work (an increasing phenomenon in most developed countries) changes the intensity of agricultural input use focusing, in particular, on fertilizer and crop protection product use. A sample selection model that accounts for both unobserved heterogeneity between farms and the potential simultaneity between farm operations and hours worked off-farm is estimated for 2,419 farms in England and Wales. The econometric evidence indicates that the input intensity of products which have well-established links to environmental damage can increase as well as decrease. The results suggest that that fertilizer intensity may decline as off-farm labor increases while the use of crop protection per hectare increases as off-farm work increases.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 493-515 |
Number of pages | 22 |
Journal | Environmental and Resource Economics |
Volume | 34 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Aug 2006 |
Keywords
- crop protection
- farm household model
- fertilizer
- input intensity
- multifunctionality
- off-farm work
- panel
- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
- HOUSEHOLD
- SCOTLAND
- ADOPTION
- MODEL
- CONSERVATION
- PERCEPTIONS
- FRAMEWORK
- IMPACT
- INPUT