The impact of heating rate on the decomposition kinetics and product distribution of algal waste pyrolysis with in-situ weight measurement

Converting algal biomass to clean energy via a thermochemical pathway is an emerging technique for tackling environment and energy issues. Traditional kinetic studies on biomass pyrolysis employ a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) which heats the biomass sample at a rate of 0 ∼ 2 K s⁻¹, so TGA could only replicate the thermal behavior of the biomass sample in a fixed bed reactor. However, biomass samples can be heated at a rate over ∼10² K s⁻¹ in industrial reactors, including fluidized beds, spouted beds, or rotary kilns due to the direct contact between biomass samples and the solid heat carriers, thus TGA is incapable to reproduce these thermal behaviors. In view of the limitation of TGA in fast heating cases, this study has developed a fast-heating thermo-balance consisting of wire-mesh and wireless power supply technique to investigate the kinetics of fast pyrolysis. Seaweed is fast-growing and can be considered a promising feedstock for biofuel production. Therefore, this study selected seaweed as representative biomass waste and compared the pyrolysis behaviors under both slow and fast pyrolysis conditions. A key finding was the TGA-derived kinetic parameters were unable to describe the pyrolysis rate under fast pyrolysis conditions with significant overestimation. When compared to slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis can increase bio-oil yield by about 3–17%, but the N- and S-containing compounds in the bio-oil increase by about 1.1% and 0.15% respectively at a final temperature of 700 °C. Fast pyrolysis produced about 16–53% more CO₂ than slow pyrolysis above a final temperature of 500 °C. The polarity of compounds in biochar was reduced with increasing temperature and the presence of CaO was only found in biochar at a high temperature of 700 °C. The specific surface area of biochar was higher under fast heating pyrolysis (5.534–7.469 m² g⁻¹) than that under slow heating pyrolysis (4.076–6.414 m² g⁻¹).