Salivary ghrelin response to drinks varying in protein content and quantity and association with energy intake and appetite

Daniel Crabtree; William Buosi; Claire Fyfe; Graham W. Horgan; Jens J Holst; Alexandra M. Johnstone; Full4Health-study Group

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113622

Salivary ghrelin response to drinks varying in protein content and quantity and association with energy intake and appetite

Daniel Crabtree^* (Corresponding Author), William Buosi, Claire Fyfe, Graham W. Horgan, Jens J Holst, Alexandra M. Johnstone, Full4Health-study Group

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Salivary hormone analysis is a non-invasive alternative to blood-borne hormone analysis. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin has been detected in human saliva, though the relationship between salivary and blood-borne ghrelin and salivary ghrelin's association with energy intake (EI) and appetite remains unclear. The primary aim of this study was to compare salivary and plasma ghrelin responses to dairy breakfast drinks varying in protein content and quantity, and to determine the relationship between salivary ghrelin and EI and appetite. Participants (n = 25) consumed four test drinks, varying in protein content and quantity, on four separate days in a double-blind randomized controlled study. Salivary and plasma total ghrelin were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min and appetite perceptions at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. A buffet-style test meal was presented at 120 min to measure ad libitum EI. There was no correlation between the sample means for fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin (r = 0.099, p = 0.637). Furthermore, there was no within-participant association between fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin (r = -0.041, p = 0.725). Mean bias between fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin was -448 pg/ml (95% confidence intervals (CI) = -623 – -273 pg/ml) and upper and lower limits of agreement (LOA) were 427 pg/ml and -1324 pg/ml, respectively. Variation in postprandial levels of salivary and plasma ghrelin within-participants were not associated (r = -0.004, p = 0.943). There was no significant association between EI and salivary (r = 0.003, p = 0.979) or plasma (r = -0.080, p = 0.492) ghrelin. Salivary ghrelin was not significantly correlated with composite appetite score (r = 0.023; p = 0.654), though plasma ghrelin was (r = 0.225, p < 0.001). Mean bias between postprandial salivary and plasma ghrelin was -210 pg/ml (95% CI = -380 – -40 pg/ml) and upper and lower LOA were 641 pg/ml and -1061 pg/ml, respectively. These findings suggest that salivary and plasma ghrelin responses to drinks varying in protein content and quantity are unrelated and that salivary ghrelin is not associated with EI or appetite perceptions in healthy non-obese adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov (NCT01597024).

Original language	English
Article number	113622
Number of pages	7
Journal	Physiology and Behavior
Volume	242
Early online date	12 Oct 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113622
Publication status	Published - 1 Dec 2021

Bibliographical note

Acknowledgments
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7-KBBE-2010-4 under grant agreement No: 266408. Authors from the University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Scottish Government as part of the RESAS Strategic Research Programme at the Rowett Institute.

We thank Sylvia Stephen, Karen Taylor and the staff at the Human Nutrition Unit for their assistance with the dietary preparation. Lene Brus Albæk is thanked for expert technical assistance. The authors would also like to thank all the participants for their time and effort.

The authors responsibilities were as follows – AMJ designed the research; WB, DC and CF conducted the data collection; JJH conducted the ghrelin analysis; GH analyzed data; AMJ, WB, DC and CF wrote the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Keywords

Ghrelin
Saliva
Energy intake
Appetite
Protein

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113622Licence: Unspecified

Human Nutrition Unit
The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health
Research Facilities: Facility

Cite this

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title = "Salivary ghrelin response to drinks varying in protein content and quantity and association with energy intake and appetite",

abstract = "Salivary hormone analysis is a non-invasive alternative to blood-borne hormone analysis. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin has been detected in human saliva, though the relationship between salivary and blood-borne ghrelin and salivary ghrelin's association with energy intake (EI) and appetite remains unclear. The primary aim of this study was to compare salivary and plasma ghrelin responses to dairy breakfast drinks varying in protein content and quantity, and to determine the relationship between salivary ghrelin and EI and appetite. Participants (n = 25) consumed four test drinks, varying in protein content and quantity, on four separate days in a double-blind randomized controlled study. Salivary and plasma total ghrelin were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min and appetite perceptions at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. A buffet-style test meal was presented at 120 min to measure ad libitum EI. There was no correlation between the sample means for fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin (r = 0.099, p = 0.637). Furthermore, there was no within-participant association between fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin (r = -0.041, p = 0.725). Mean bias between fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin was -448 pg/ml (95% confidence intervals (CI) = -623 – -273 pg/ml) and upper and lower limits of agreement (LOA) were 427 pg/ml and -1324 pg/ml, respectively. Variation in postprandial levels of salivary and plasma ghrelin within-participants were not associated (r = -0.004, p = 0.943). There was no significant association between EI and salivary (r = 0.003, p = 0.979) or plasma (r = -0.080, p = 0.492) ghrelin. Salivary ghrelin was not significantly correlated with composite appetite score (r = 0.023; p = 0.654), though plasma ghrelin was (r = 0.225, p < 0.001). Mean bias between postprandial salivary and plasma ghrelin was -210 pg/ml (95% CI = -380 – -40 pg/ml) and upper and lower LOA were 641 pg/ml and -1061 pg/ml, respectively. These findings suggest that salivary and plasma ghrelin responses to drinks varying in protein content and quantity are unrelated and that salivary ghrelin is not associated with EI or appetite perceptions in healthy non-obese adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov (NCT01597024).",

keywords = "Ghrelin, Saliva, Energy intake, Appetite, Protein",

author = "Daniel Crabtree and William Buosi and Claire Fyfe and Horgan, {Graham W.} and Holst, {Jens J} and Johnstone, {Alexandra M.} and {Full4Health-study Group}",

note = "Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7-KBBE-2010-4 under grant agreement No: 266408. Authors from the University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Scottish Government as part of the RESAS Strategic Research Programme at the Rowett Institute. We thank Sylvia Stephen, Karen Taylor and the staff at the Human Nutrition Unit for their assistance with the dietary preparation. Lene Brus Alb{\ae}k is thanked for expert technical assistance. The authors would also like to thank all the participants for their time and effort. The authors responsibilities were as follows – AMJ designed the research; WB, DC and CF conducted the data collection; JJH conducted the ghrelin analysis; GH analyzed data; AMJ, WB, DC and CF wrote the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.",

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T1 - Salivary ghrelin response to drinks varying in protein content and quantity and association with energy intake and appetite

AU - Crabtree, Daniel

AU - Buosi, William

AU - Fyfe, Claire

AU - Horgan, Graham W.

AU - Holst, Jens J

AU - Johnstone, Alexandra M.

AU - Full4Health-study Group

N1 - Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7-KBBE-2010-4 under grant agreement No: 266408. Authors from the University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Scottish Government as part of the RESAS Strategic Research Programme at the Rowett Institute. We thank Sylvia Stephen, Karen Taylor and the staff at the Human Nutrition Unit for their assistance with the dietary preparation. Lene Brus Albæk is thanked for expert technical assistance. The authors would also like to thank all the participants for their time and effort. The authors responsibilities were as follows – AMJ designed the research; WB, DC and CF conducted the data collection; JJH conducted the ghrelin analysis; GH analyzed data; AMJ, WB, DC and CF wrote the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

PY - 2021/12/1

Y1 - 2021/12/1

N2 - Salivary hormone analysis is a non-invasive alternative to blood-borne hormone analysis. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin has been detected in human saliva, though the relationship between salivary and blood-borne ghrelin and salivary ghrelin's association with energy intake (EI) and appetite remains unclear. The primary aim of this study was to compare salivary and plasma ghrelin responses to dairy breakfast drinks varying in protein content and quantity, and to determine the relationship between salivary ghrelin and EI and appetite. Participants (n = 25) consumed four test drinks, varying in protein content and quantity, on four separate days in a double-blind randomized controlled study. Salivary and plasma total ghrelin were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min and appetite perceptions at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. A buffet-style test meal was presented at 120 min to measure ad libitum EI. There was no correlation between the sample means for fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin (r = 0.099, p = 0.637). Furthermore, there was no within-participant association between fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin (r = -0.041, p = 0.725). Mean bias between fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin was -448 pg/ml (95% confidence intervals (CI) = -623 – -273 pg/ml) and upper and lower limits of agreement (LOA) were 427 pg/ml and -1324 pg/ml, respectively. Variation in postprandial levels of salivary and plasma ghrelin within-participants were not associated (r = -0.004, p = 0.943). There was no significant association between EI and salivary (r = 0.003, p = 0.979) or plasma (r = -0.080, p = 0.492) ghrelin. Salivary ghrelin was not significantly correlated with composite appetite score (r = 0.023; p = 0.654), though plasma ghrelin was (r = 0.225, p < 0.001). Mean bias between postprandial salivary and plasma ghrelin was -210 pg/ml (95% CI = -380 – -40 pg/ml) and upper and lower LOA were 641 pg/ml and -1061 pg/ml, respectively. These findings suggest that salivary and plasma ghrelin responses to drinks varying in protein content and quantity are unrelated and that salivary ghrelin is not associated with EI or appetite perceptions in healthy non-obese adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov (NCT01597024).

AB - Salivary hormone analysis is a non-invasive alternative to blood-borne hormone analysis. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin has been detected in human saliva, though the relationship between salivary and blood-borne ghrelin and salivary ghrelin's association with energy intake (EI) and appetite remains unclear. The primary aim of this study was to compare salivary and plasma ghrelin responses to dairy breakfast drinks varying in protein content and quantity, and to determine the relationship between salivary ghrelin and EI and appetite. Participants (n = 25) consumed four test drinks, varying in protein content and quantity, on four separate days in a double-blind randomized controlled study. Salivary and plasma total ghrelin were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min and appetite perceptions at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. A buffet-style test meal was presented at 120 min to measure ad libitum EI. There was no correlation between the sample means for fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin (r = 0.099, p = 0.637). Furthermore, there was no within-participant association between fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin (r = -0.041, p = 0.725). Mean bias between fasted salivary and plasma ghrelin was -448 pg/ml (95% confidence intervals (CI) = -623 – -273 pg/ml) and upper and lower limits of agreement (LOA) were 427 pg/ml and -1324 pg/ml, respectively. Variation in postprandial levels of salivary and plasma ghrelin within-participants were not associated (r = -0.004, p = 0.943). There was no significant association between EI and salivary (r = 0.003, p = 0.979) or plasma (r = -0.080, p = 0.492) ghrelin. Salivary ghrelin was not significantly correlated with composite appetite score (r = 0.023; p = 0.654), though plasma ghrelin was (r = 0.225, p < 0.001). Mean bias between postprandial salivary and plasma ghrelin was -210 pg/ml (95% CI = -380 – -40 pg/ml) and upper and lower LOA were 641 pg/ml and -1061 pg/ml, respectively. These findings suggest that salivary and plasma ghrelin responses to drinks varying in protein content and quantity are unrelated and that salivary ghrelin is not associated with EI or appetite perceptions in healthy non-obese adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov (NCT01597024).

KW - Ghrelin

KW - Saliva

KW - Energy intake

KW - Appetite

KW - Protein

U2 - 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113622

DO - 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113622

M3 - Article

SN - 0031-9384

VL - 242

JO - Physiology and Behavior

JF - Physiology and Behavior

M1 - 113622

ER -

Salivary ghrelin response to drinks varying in protein content and quantity and association with energy intake and appetite

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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Human Nutrition Unit

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