Abstract
Context
Extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) is the gold standard for detecting lymph node (LN) metastases in prostate cancer (PCa). The benefit of sentinel node biopsy (SNB), which is the first draining LN as assessed by imaging of locally injected tracers, remains controversial.
Objective
To assess the diagnostic accuracy of SNB in PCa.
Evidence acquisition
A systematic literature search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (1999–2016) was undertaken using PRISMA guidelines. All studies of SNB in men with PCa using PLND as reference standard were included. The primary outcomes were the nondiagnostic rate (NDR), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) rates. Relevant sensitivity analyses based on SN definitions, ePLND as reference standard, and disease risk were undertaken, including a risk of bias (RoB) assessment.
Evidence synthesis
Of 373 articles identified, 21 studies recruiting a total of 2509 patients were eligible for inclusion. Median cumulative percentage (interquartile range) results were 4.1% (1.5–10.7%) for NDR, 95.2% (81.8–100%) for sensitivity, 100% (95.0–100%) for specificity, 100% (87.0–100%) for PPV, 98.0% (94.3–100%) for NPV, 0% (0–5.0%) for the FP rate, and 4.8% (0–18.2%) for the FN rate. The findings did not change significantly on sensitivity analyses. Most studies (17/22) had low RoB for index test and reference standard domains.
Conclusions
SNB appears to have diagnostic accuracy comparable to ePLND, with high sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV, and a low FN rate. With a low FP rate (rate of detecting positive nodes outside the ePLND template), SNB may not have any additional diagnostic value over and above ePLND, although SNB appears to increase nodal yield by increasing the number of affected nodes when combined with ePLND. Thus, in high-risk disease it may be prudent to combine ePLND with SNB.
Extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) is the gold standard for detecting lymph node (LN) metastases in prostate cancer (PCa). The benefit of sentinel node biopsy (SNB), which is the first draining LN as assessed by imaging of locally injected tracers, remains controversial.
Objective
To assess the diagnostic accuracy of SNB in PCa.
Evidence acquisition
A systematic literature search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (1999–2016) was undertaken using PRISMA guidelines. All studies of SNB in men with PCa using PLND as reference standard were included. The primary outcomes were the nondiagnostic rate (NDR), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) rates. Relevant sensitivity analyses based on SN definitions, ePLND as reference standard, and disease risk were undertaken, including a risk of bias (RoB) assessment.
Evidence synthesis
Of 373 articles identified, 21 studies recruiting a total of 2509 patients were eligible for inclusion. Median cumulative percentage (interquartile range) results were 4.1% (1.5–10.7%) for NDR, 95.2% (81.8–100%) for sensitivity, 100% (95.0–100%) for specificity, 100% (87.0–100%) for PPV, 98.0% (94.3–100%) for NPV, 0% (0–5.0%) for the FP rate, and 4.8% (0–18.2%) for the FN rate. The findings did not change significantly on sensitivity analyses. Most studies (17/22) had low RoB for index test and reference standard domains.
Conclusions
SNB appears to have diagnostic accuracy comparable to ePLND, with high sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV, and a low FN rate. With a low FP rate (rate of detecting positive nodes outside the ePLND template), SNB may not have any additional diagnostic value over and above ePLND, although SNB appears to increase nodal yield by increasing the number of affected nodes when combined with ePLND. Thus, in high-risk disease it may be prudent to combine ePLND with SNB.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 596–605 |
| Number of pages | 10 |
| Journal | European Urology |
| Volume | 71 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| Early online date | 14 Sept 2016 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Apr 2017 |
Bibliographical note
Financial disclosures: Esther M.K. Wit certifies that all conflicts of interest, including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript (eg, employment/affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, or patents filed, received, or pending), are the following: None.Funding/Support and role of the sponsor: None.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Pilar Paredes for her contribution.
Keywords
- prostate cancer
- sentinel node
- targeted lymph node biopsy
- pelvic lymph node dissection
- diagnostic accuracy
- systematic review
Access to Document
- Accepted Manuscript
© 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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Thomas Lam
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Applied Health Sciences - Honorary Senior Lecturer
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences
- Academic Urology Unit
Person: Honorary
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Steven MacLennan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Applied Health Sciences - Senior Research Fellow
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences
- Academic Urology Unit
Person: Academic Related - Research